Endru Karnegi
Endru Karnegi (engl. Andrew Carnegie; Danfermlajn, 25. novembar 1835 – 11. avgust 1919)[2][3][4] bio je škotsko-američki industrijalac koji je predvodio ogromnu ekspanziju američke industrije čelika krajem 19. veka, i postao jedan od najbogatijih Amerikanaca u istoriji.[5] Bio je jedan od najistaknutijih filantropa svog doba. Tokom poslednjih 18 godina svog života, poklonio je ~350 miliona dolara (otprilike 5,1 milijardu dolara u 2018. godini)[6] mnogim dobrotvornim organizacijama, fondacijama i univerzitetima - skoro 90 odsto svog bogatstva.[7] Njegov članak iz 1889. "Jevanđelje bogatstva" (The Gospel of Wealth) pozivao je bogate da pomognu poboljšanje društva i izazvao je veliki talas filantropije, a ostaje bitan i do danas.
Endru Karnegi | |
|---|---|
 Karnegi na fotografiji iz 1913. | |
| Datum rođenja | 25. novembar 1835. |
| Mesto rođenja | Danfermlajn, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
| Datum smrti | 11. avgust 1919. (83 god.) |
| Mesto smrti | Linoks, SAD |
| Zanimanje | Industrialista, filantrop |
| Organizacija | republikanac[1] |
| Potpis | |
 | |
Endru Karnegi je rođen u Damferlajnu u Škotskoj u vrlo siromašnoj porodici. Godine 1848. odselio se za SAD. Najpre je radio kao telegrafista, a do 1860 već je ulagao u železnicu, proizvodnju spavaćih kola, mostogradnju i transport nafte. Dalje bogatstvo je stvorio tako što je prodavao američke obveznice u Evropi. U Pitsburgu je izgradio kompaniju Kargnegi Stil kompaniju, koja je 1901. godine prodata DžP Morganu za 480 miliona dolara, čime je stvorena US Stil korporacija.[8] Karnegi je posvetio ostatak života dobrotvornim aktivnostima, posvećujući posebnu pažnju lokalnim bibliotekama, svetskom miru, obrazovanju i naučnim istraživanjima. Sagradio je Karnegi Hol i između ostalog osnovao Karnegi korporaciju Njujork (Carnegie Corporation of New York), Fondaciju Karnegi za međunarodni mir (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace), Naučni institut Karnegi (Carnegie Institution for Science), Univerzitet Karnegi Melon (Carnegie Mellon University) i druge. Njegov život se često navodi kao ilustracija priče o uspehu, od nemaštine do bogatstva.
Časopis Forbs je 2007. procenio bogatstvo Endrua Karnegija u trenutku njegove smrti na 298,3 milijardi današnjih američkih dolara, što ga čini jednim od najbogatijih Amerikanaca, kao i najbogatijih osoba u čitavoj istoriji. Sredstvima njegove fondacije podignuta je zgrada Univerzitetska biblioteka „Svetozar Marković” u Beogradu.
Reference
uredi- ^ „Andrew Carnegie”. Encyclopedia.com.
- ^ Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
- ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary
- ^ Pollak, Michael (20. 6. 2004). „F.Y.I.” (na jeziku: engleski) (National Edition). New York City: The New York Times Company. New York Times. str. 2; Section 14. Arhivirano iz originala 6. 4. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 22. 10. 2020.
- ^ listed at 372 billion 2014 USD by Jacob Davidson, time.com The 10 Richest People of All Time "Rockefeller gets all the press, but Andrew Carnegie may be the richest American of all time. The Scottish immigrant sold his company, U.S. Steel, to J. P. Morgan for $480 million in 1901. That sum equates to slightly over 2.1 percent of U.S. GDP at the time, giving Carnegie an economic power equivalent to $372 billion in 2014."
- ^ „CPI Inflation Calculator”. www.bls.gov (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2020-10-15.
- ^ Andrew Carnegie's Legacy
- ^ Hawke, David Freeman (1980). John D. The Founding Father of the Rockefellers. Harper & Row. str. 210. ISBN 978-0060118136.
Literatura
uredi- MacKay, J. A. (1997). Little Boss: A life of Andrew Carnegie. Mainstream. ISBN 978-1851588329.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ur. (1911). „Carnegie, Andrew”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 5 (11 изд.). Cambridge University Press.
- Edge, Laura Bufano (2004). Andrew Carnegie: Industrial Philanthropist. Lerner Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8225-4965-9. OCLC 760059951.
- Nasaw, David (2006). Andrew Carnegie
. New York: The Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1-59420-104-2. - Winkler, John K. (2006). Incredible Carnegie. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-2946-7.
- Ендру Карнеги на сајту Internet Archive (језик: енглески)
- Andrew Carnegie на сајту Пројекат Гутенберг (језик: енглески)
- Ендру Карнеги на сајту LibriVox (језик: енглески)
- Bostaph, Samuel. (2015). Andrew Carnegie: An Economic Biography. Lexington Books, Lanham, MD. ISBN 978-0739189832; 125pp online review
- Ewing, Heather. (2014). Life of a Mansion: The Story of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, New York. ISBN 978-0-910503-71-6.
- Goldin, Milton. "Andrew Carnegie and the Robber Baron Myth". In Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. ISBN 1-881089-97-5.
- Hendrick, Burton Jesse/ The life of Andrew Carnegie (2 vol. 1933) vol 2 online; scholarly biography
- Josephson; Matthew. (1938). The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901. ISBN 99918-47-99-5.
- Krass, Peter. (2002). Carnegie Wiley. ISBN 0-471-38630-8, scholarly biography
- Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe (1992). The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy. U of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226467801.
- Lester, Robert M. (1941). Forty Years of Carnegie Giving: A Summary of the Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie and of the Work of the Philanthropic Trusts Which He Created. C. Scribner's Sons, New York.
- Livesay, Harold C. (1999). Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business, 2nd Edition. ISBN 0-321-43287-8 short biography by a scholar; online free
- Lorenzen, Michael (1999). „Deconstructing the Carnegie Libraries: The Sociological Reasons Behind Carnegie's Millions to Public Libraries”. Illinois Libraries. 81 (2): 75—78.
- Patterson, David S. (1970). „Andrew Carnegie's Quest for World Peace”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 114 (5): 371—383. JSTOR 985802.
- Rees, Jonathan (1997). „Homestead in Context: Andrew Carnegie and the Decline of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.”. Pennsylvania History. 64 (4): 509—533. ISSN 0031-4528.
- VanSlyck, Abigail A (1991). „'The Utmost Amount of Effective Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library.”. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 50 (4): 359—383. ISSN 0037-9808. (Fulltext: in Jstor)
- Wall, Joseph Frazier (1989). Andrew Carnegie. University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-5904-6.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ур. (1911). „Johnstown”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 15 (11 изд.). Cambridge University Press. стр. 475.
- Coleman, Neil M. Johnstown's Flood of 1889 - Power Over Truth and the Science Behind the Disaster (2018). Springer International Publishing AG. 256 pp. ISBN 978-3-319-95215-4. ISBN 978-3-319-95216-1 (eBook)
- Coleman, Neil; Wojno, Stephanie; Kaktins, Uldis (2017). „The Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Challenging the Findings of the Asce Investigation Report”. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. doi:10.1130/abs/2017NE-290358..
- Coleman, Neil M.; Kaktins, Uldis; Wojno, Stephanie (2016). „Dam-Breach hydrology of the Johnstown flood of 1889–challenging the findings of the 1891 investigation report”. Heliyon. 2 (6): e00120. Bibcode:2016Heliy...200120C. PMC 4946313
. PMID 27441292. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00120 . - Coleman, Neil; Wojno, Stephanie; Kaktins, Uldis (2016). „Dam-Breach Hydrology of the Johnstown Flood of 1889 – Challenging the Findings of the 1891 Investigation Report”. Heliyon. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 2 (6): e00120. PMC 4946313 . PMID 27441292. doi:10.1130/abs/2016AM-283665..
- Coleman, Neil M., Davis Todd, C., Myers, Reed A., Kaktins, Uldis (2009). "Johnstown flood of 1889 – destruction and rebirth" (Presentation 76-9). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 41 (7): 216. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar
|title=(pomoć) - Davis T., C., Coleman, Neil M., Meyers, Reed A., and Kaktins, Uldis (2009). A determination of peak discharge rate and water volume from the 1889 Johnstown Flood (Presentation 76-10). Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 41 (7): 216. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar
|title=(pomoć) - Kaktins, Uldis, Davis Todd, C., Wojno, S., Coleman, N.M. (2013). Revisiting the timing and events leading to and causing the Johnstown Flood of 1889. Pennsylvania History, v. 80, no. 3, 335–363.
- Johnson, Willis Fletcher. History of the Johnstown Flood (1889).
- McCullough, David (1968). The Johnstown Flood. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-20714-8.
- O'Connor, R. Johnstown – The Day The Dam Broke (1957).
- Bemis, Edward W. (1894). „The Homestead Strike”. The Journal of Political Economy. 2 (3): 369—396. JSTOR 1819234. S2CID 154413952. doi:10.1086/250226.
- Brody, David. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969.
- Cohen, Steven R. „Steelworkers Rethink the Homestead Strike of 1892”. Pennsylvania History,. 48: 155—77. april 1981.
- David P. Demarest, Jr. (ed.), "The River Ran Red": Homestead, 1892. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
- Foner, Philip. History of the Labor Movement in the United States. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism. New York: International Publishers, 1955.
- House Judiciary Committee, Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives in Connection with the Labor Troubles at Homestead, PA. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1892.
- Krass, Peter. Carnegie. (2002). online edition
- Krause, Paul. The Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992.
- Krause, Paul. "Labor Republicanism and 'Za Clebom': Anglo-American and Slavic Solidarity in Homestead" in Struggle a Hard Battle": Essays on Working-Class Immigrants, edited by Dirk Hoerder (1986), 143–69
- Marcus, Irwin. Jeanne Bullard, and Rob Moore, „Change and Continuity: Steel Workers in Homestead, Pennsylvania, 1880–1895”. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,. 111: 62—75. januar 1987.
- Miner, Curtis. Homestead: The Story of a Steel Town (Pittsburgh 1989)
- Montgomery, David. The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
- Oates, William C., George Ticknor Curtis, and Terence V. Powderly, "The Homestead Strike" North American Review, vol. 155, whole no. 430 (Sept. 1892), pp. 355–375.
- Slavishak, Edward S., "Working-Class Muscle: Homestead and Bodily Disorder in the Gilded Age" The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 3 (October 2004): 339–68. „The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era | Cambridge Core”.
- Warren, Kenenth. Triumphant Capitalism: Henry Clay Frick and the Industrial Transformation of America (2000)
- Wolff, Leon "Battle at Homestead" American Heritage Magazine April 1965
- Wright, Carroll D. (1893). „The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers”. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 7 (4): 400—432. JSTOR 1882283. doi:10.2307/1882283.
Spoljašnje veze
uredi
- Documentary: "Andrew Carnegie: Rags to Riches, Power to Peace"
- Carnegie Birthplace Museum website
- „Archival material relating to Endru Karnegi”. UK National Archives.
- Endru Karnegi na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- Endru Karnegi na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
- Booknotes interview with Peter Krass on Carnegie, November 24, 2002.
- Novinski isečci na temu Endru Karnegi u Novinskim arhivama 20. veka Nemačke nacionalne biblioteke ekonomije (ZBW)
- Marguerite Martyn, "Andrew Carnegie on Prosperity, Income Tax, and the Blessings of Poverty" May 1, 1914, City Desk Publishing
