Izdaja

Za druge upotrebe, pogledajte Izdaja (višeznačna odrednica).

Izdaja je oblik prevare, kada se iznevjeri nečije povjerenje, nečija očekivanja ili se povrijede interesi grupe kojoj subjekat pripada. Najčešće uzrokuje jake osude i nije omiljena ni među onima kojima ide u korist. Kroz vjekove izdaja je smatrana jednim od najgorih činova koje osoba može uraditi za grupu kojoj pripada (državu, narod, pleme, vojsku itd.) i uglavnom se rigorozno kažnjavala.

Judin poljubac, 1304-06 Đoto di Bondone prikazuje Judu kako izdaje Isusa.

Politička izdaja

Glavni članak: Izdaja države

Iako se danas ubistvo smatra najgorim zločinom, u prošlosti se politička izdaja (države, naroda itd.) smatrala gorom. U engleskom zakonu srednjeg vijeka izdaja se kažnjavala vješanjem, davljenjem i, na kraju, sječenjem na četiri dijela za muškarce, osnosno spaljivanjem na lomači za žene (zakon koji je važio sve do 1814).

Književnost

U srpskoj istoriji, književnosti i mitologiji Vuk Branković se smatra velikim grešnikom jer je izdao srpski narod u Kosovskoj bici. U Šekspirovoj predstavi Kralj Lir saznaje da ga je kćerka javno osramotila (što se takođe smatralo izdajom) i kaže: „Nije mogla to učiniti, ne bi ona to, to je gore od ubistva“. U Danteovoj „Božanstvenoj komediji“ najniži krugovi pakla su određeni za izdajnike. U hrišćanstvu, Juda, koji je izdao Isusa Hrista je izložen najgorim mukama i njegovo ime se često koristi za izdajnike, kao i Kvislingovo.

Lična izdaja

U prošlosti se i prevara muža smatrala izdajom. Osoba koja izda blisku ili dragu osobu često pati od svojevrsne traume, slične psihološkom stresu.

Ako izdate nekoga, gubite jedno od najvećih blaga života, gubite sposobnost da vjerujete. Jer, bez povjerenja, ljubav nije moguća

— Ošo

Trauma izdaje

Trauma izdaje ima simptome slične posttraumatskom stresnom poremećaju, iako je element amnezije i disocijacije verovatno veći.

Ključna razlika između tradicionalnog posttraumatskog stresnog poremećaja (PTSD) i traume izdaje je u tome što se prvi istorijski posmatra kao uzrokovan prvenstveno strahom, dok je trauma izdaje odgovor na ekstremni bes. Strah i bes su dve strane odgovora bori se ili beži, i kao takvi su naše najjače i najosnovnije psihološke emocije.

U romantičnim vezama

Džon Gotmanov rad Šta čini ljubav trajnom? opisuje izdaju kao „štetnog osvajača, koji dolazi sa velikom prikrivenošću“ koji podriva naizgled stabilne romanse i leži u srcu svake neuspešne veze, čak i ako par toga nije svestan. Gotman je izračunao metriku izdaje tako što je izračunao koliko je svaki partner bio nevoljan da se žrtvuje za drugog i vezu. Stalno povišena metrika izdaje služila je kao pokazatelj da je par u opasnosti od neverstva ili druge ozbiljne nelojalnosti. Neke vrste izdaje u romantičnim vezama uključuju seksualnu neveru, uslovnu posvećenost, neseksualnu aferu, laganje, formiranje koalicije protiv partnera, odsustvo ili hladnoću, povlačenje seksualnog interesa, nepoštovanje, nepravednost, sebičnost i kršenje obećanja.

Dvostruka prevara

Dvostruki prevara je fraza koja znači prevariti dvostrukim delom.

Slepilo izdajstva

Izdajničko slepilo je nesvesnost, nepoznavanje i zaborav koji ljudi pokazuju prema izdaji.

Termin „slepilo izdaje“ je uveo Frojd 1996. godine, a proširio ga je 1999. Zatim su slepilo izjave ponovo naglasili Frejd i Birel 2013. godine kroz teoriju Traume izdaje. Ovo slepilo za izdaju može se proširiti i na izdaje koje se ne smatraju tradicionalnim traumama, kao što su preljuba i nejednakosti. Izdajničko slepilo nije isključivo samo za žrtve. Počinioci i svedoci takođe mogu pokazati slepilo za izdaju kako bi sačuvali lične odnose, svoje odnose sa institucijama i društvenim sistemima od kojih zavise.

Izraz „institucionalna izdaja” odnosi se na nepravde koje je počinila institucija nad pojedincima koji zavise od te institucije. Ovo uključuje neuspeh da se spreče ili reaguje sa podrškom na krivična dela pojedinaca (npr. seksualni napad) počinjen u kontekstu institucije.

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