Košmar

Košmar je neprijatan san koji izaziva jake negativne emocije od mozga, najčešće su to strah ili horor, ali i očaj, anksioznost i veliku tugu. Ova vrsta sna može da sadrži situacije gde je osoba u opasnosti, gde joj je neprijatno ili psihološki i fizički teror. Osobe se obično bude iz ovakve vrste sna bez mogućnosti da ponovo zaspe tokom dužeg ili kraćeg perioda.

Spavanje proizvodi čudovišta (Fransisko Goja, c.1797)

Košmar (Henri Fuseli, 1781)

Noćne more mogu imati neke fizičke posledice, kao što su spavanje u čudnom i neprijatnom položaju, dobijanje temperature, ili psihološke posledice kao što su stres i anksioznost. Jedenje pre spavanja povećava telesni metabolizam i moždanu aktivnost, što je potencijalni uzrok stvaranja košmara.

Literatura

• Anch, A. M., Browman, C.P., Mitler, M.M., & Walsh, J.K. Sleep: A scientific perspective. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. 1988. .
• Harris, J. C. (2004). „The nightmare”. Archives of General Psychiatry. 61 (5): 439—40. PMID 15123487. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.439. 
• Husser, J.-M. et A. Mouton (Éd.), Le Cauchemar dans les sociétés antiques. Actes des journées d'étude de l'UMR 7044 (15-16 Novembre 2007, Strasbourg) (Paris, De Boccard, 2010).
• Jones, Ernest (1951). On the Nightmare. W W Norton & Company Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-87140-912-6.  (pbk. 1971. ISBN 978-0-87140-248-6.).
• Forbes, D. et al. (2001) „Brief Report: Treatment of Combat-Related Nightmares Using Imagery Rehearsal: A Pilot Study”. Journal of Traumatic Stress. . 14 (2): 433—442 http://www.kluweronline.com/article.asp?PIPS=300244&PDF=1. 
• Siegel, A. (2003) A mini-course for clinicians and trauma workers on posttraumatic nightmares.
• Burns, Sarah (2004). Painting the Dark Side: Art and the Gothic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century America. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23821-3. . Ahmanson-Murphy Fine Are Imprint, 332 pp.,. .hjhjhj* Davenport-Hines, Richard (1999). Gothic: Four Hundred Years of Excess, Horror, Evil and Ruin. North Point Press. 1999. , pp. 160-61.
• Hill, Anne (2009). What To Do When Dreams Go Bad: A Practical Guide to Nightmares. ISBN 978-1-887590-04-4. . Serpentine Media, 68 pp.
• Simons, Ronald C and Hughes, Charles C (eds.) Culture-Bound Syndromes. 1985.  Springer, 536 pp.
• Sagan, Carl (1997). The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark. 
• Coalson, Bob. "Nightmare help: Treatment of trauma survivors with PTSD." Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 32  (3):  381–388. PsycARTICLES. EBSCO. Web. 18 Mar. 2011.
• Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York: Scholastic, 2008.
• "Dreams - Practical Dream Analysis & Waking Life Meaning." Dream Interpretation, Psychology & Research, Nightmares & Alternative Medicine. Dreams Foundation, 1996. Web. 19 Jan. 2011. <https://web.archive.org/web/20120319134910/http://www.nightmares.info/nightmares.htm>.
• Halliday, G. (1987). “Direct psychological therapies for nightmares: A review.” Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 501–523.
• "Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)." The Encyclopedia of Trauma and Traumatic Stress Disorders. Ronald M. Doctor and Frank N. Shiromoto. New York: Facts on File, 2010. 148. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.
• Mayer, Mercer. There's a Nightmare in My Closet. [New York]: Puffin Pied Piper, 1976.
• Moore, Bret A., and Barry Kraków. "Imagery rehearsal therapy: An emerging treatment for posttraumatic nightmares in veterans." Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 2  (3):  232–238. PsycARTICLES. EBSCO. Web. 18 Mar. 2011.
• Rowling, J.K.. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Illustrated by Mary Grandpere. Arthur A. Levine Books/ Scholastic Press, 2003.

Spoljašnje veze

• The value of nightmares and common nightmare themes
• Night-Mares: Demons that Cause Nightmares

Molimo Vas, obratite pažnju na važno upozorenje u vezi sa temama iz oblasti medicine (zdravlja).