Kraljevstvo Engleska
Kraljevina Engleska (engl. Kingdom of England) naziv je za državu za koja je postojala na području severozapadne Evrope od 927. do 1707. Na svom vrhuncu Kraljevina Engleska je pod svojom vlašću držala dve trećine Britanije — područje koje odgovara teritoriji današnje Engleske i Velsa — kao i obližnja ostrva, ne računajući manje prekomorske posede i kolonije uspostavljene u 16. i 17. veku.
.svg)
Kraljevina Engleska svoje poreklo vodi od država koje su tokom Velike seobe naroda u 5. veku počeli uspostavljati germanski doseljenici u Britaniju, među kojima su se najviše isticali Angli, Sasi i Jiti, a koji će kasnije biti poznati pod zajedničkim imenom Anglosaksonci, odnosno preci današnjih Engleza. Među tim državama (kasnije poznatim kao heptarhija) do kraja 9. veka najviše je ojačao Veseks čiji će vladari otpočeti proces ujedinjenja, dovršen 927. godine pod kraljem Etelstanom Sjajnim.[1] Godine 1066. Englesku su osvojili Normani čiji se vođa, vojvoda Viljem Osvajač, proglasio novim engleskim kraljem, ali i započeo nova osvajanja,[2] koja su do 1283. pod vlast Kraljevine Engleske podvrgle susedni Vels (koji je zadržao određenu autonomiju, prvenstveno u pravnim pitanjima, sve do 16. veka). Na severu je, pak, uspostavljena granica sa Kraljevinom Škotskom.
Godine 1603. pod Džejmsom I, prvim vladarom dinastije Stjuart, uspostavena je personalna unija između Engleske i Škotske koja će se održati sledeći vek, uz kraći prekid izazvan revolucijom i uspostavom republikanskog Komonvelta pod Kromvelom. Godine 1707. parlamenti Kraljevine Engleske i Kraljevine Škotske doneli su Zakone o Uniji kojima su te dve, dotada zasebne države, spojene u unitarnu državu pod imenom Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Velike Britanije čiji je vladar bila kraljica Ana od Velike Britanije.
Teritorijalne podele uredi
Engleske okruge su osnovali Normani, u većini slučajeva na osnovu ranijih oblasti koje su osnovali Anglosaksonci. Oni su prestale da se koriste za administrativne svrhe tek stvaranjem administrativnih okruga 1889. godine.[3]
Za razliku od delimično samoupravnih opština koje su pokrivale urbana područja, okruzi srednjovekovne Engleske postojali su prvenstveno kao sredstvo za sprovođenje vlasti centralne vlade, omogućavajući monarsima da vrše kontrolu nad lokalnim oblastima preko svojih izabranih predstavnika – prvobitno šerifa, a kasnije lord-poručnika – i njihovi podređenih mirovnih sudija.[4] Okruzi su u početku korišćene za sprovođenje pravde, prikupljanje poreza i organizaciju vojske, a kasnije za lokalnu upravu i izbor parlamentarnog predstavnika.[5] Nekim perifernim okruzima s vremena na vreme je davan palatinski status sa nekim vojnim i centralnim vladinim funkcijama koje su bile poverene lokalnom plemiću ili biskupu. Poslednji takav, palatinski okrug u Daramu, nije izgubio ovaj poseban status sve do 19. veka.
Iako je cela Engleska bila podeljena na okruge u vreme normanskog osvajanja, neke grofovije su formirane znatno kasnije, sve do 16. veka. Zbog različitog porekla okrugi su se značajno razlikovali po veličini. Granice okruga su bile prilično statične između Zakona u Velsu iz 16. veka i Zakona o lokalnoj upravi iz 1888. godine.[6] Svaka oblast je bila odgovorna za prikupljanje poreza za centralnu vladu; za lokalnu odbranu; i za pravosuđe, preko porotnih sudova.[7]
Reference uredi
- ^ Stenton, Frank (2001). Anglo-Saxon England (3rd izd.). Oxford University Press. str. 340. ISBN 9780192801395.; Reuter, Timothy, ur. (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. 3. Oxford University Press. str. 496. ISBN 9780521364478. „His charters indicate that he was regarded henceforth as rex Anglorum ('king of the English')”; Fryde, E.B.; Greenway, D.E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., ur. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 25. ISBN 9780521563505.
- ^ Brooke, Christopher; Keir, Gillian (1975). London, 800–1216: The Shaping of a City. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520026865. „...rivalry between City and government, between a commercial capital in the City and the political capital of quite a different empire in Westminster.”
- ^ Vision of Britain Arhivirano 16 april 2017 na sajtu Wayback Machine – Type details for ancient county. Retrieved 19 October 2006.; Youngs, Frederic A Jr. (1979). Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol.I: Southern England. London: Royal Historical Society. str. xii—xiii. ISBN 978-0-901050-67-0. „'Ancient County: Counties are geographic entities whose origins reach back into the pre-Conquest period. They were derived either from Anglo-Saxon kingdoms whose size made them suitable administrative units when England was unified in the tenth century, or as artificial creations formed from larger kingdoms. The number of 'shires' (the Anglo-Saxon term) or 'counties' (Norman term) varied in the medieval period, particularly in the north of England.”
- ^ Chandler, J. A. (2007). „Local government before 1832”. Explaining Local Government: Local Government in Britain Since 1800. Manchester: Manchester University Press. str. 2. ISBN 978-0-7190-6706-8.
- ^ Hackwood, Frederick William (1920). The Story of the Shire, being the Lore, History and Evolution of English County Institutions (PDF). London: Heath Cranton Limited.; Byrne, Tony (1994). Local Government in Britain. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017663-6.
- ^ Vision of Britain Arhivirano 16 april 2017 na sajtu Wayback Machine – Census Geographies. Retrieved 19 October 2006.
- ^ Winchester, Angus J L (1990). Discovering Parish Boundaries. Oxford: Shire Publications. ISBN 978-0-7478-0060-6.
Literatura uredi
- Carey, Hilary M. (2011). God's Empire: Religion and Colonialism in the British World, c.1801–1908. Cambridge University Press. str. 41. ISBN 978-1-139-49409-0. Nepoznati parametar
|orig-date=ignorisan (pomoć) - Bartlett, Robert (2002). England under the Norman and Angevin kings: 1075–1225. Oxford University Press.
- Black, J.B. (1936). The Reign of Elizabeth, 1558–1603.
- Borman, Tracy (2015). Thomas Cromwell: The Untold Story of Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant.
- Elton, G. R. (1955). England under the Tudors. Methuen.
- Ellis, Steven G. (2014). Ireland in the age of the Tudors, 1447–1603: English expansion and the end of Gaelic rule. Routledge.
- Guy, John (2013). The Tudors: a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
- Harriss, G.L. (2005). Shaping the nation: England 1360–1461. Oxford University Press.
- Jacob, E.F. (1961). The Fifteenth Century, 1399–1485. Oxford History of England.
- Jenkins, Elizabeth (1964). Elizabeth the Great. Time Incorporated.
- Jones, J. Gwynfor (1989). Wales and the Tudor state: government, religious change and the social order, 1534–1603. University of Wales Press.
- Levin, Carole (2013). The heart and stomach of a king: Elizabeth I and the politics of sex and power. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Loades, David Michael (1999). Politics and nation: England 1450–1660. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Loades, David Michael (1997). Power in Tudor England.
- McCaffrey, Wallace. Elizabeth I.
- McKisack, May (1959). The Fourteenth Century, 1307–1399. Oxford History of England.
- Neale, J.E. (1957). Queen Elizabeth I: a biography.
- Penn, Thomas (2012). Winter king: Henry VII and the dawn of Tudor England.
- Powicke, Maurice (1962). The Thirteenth Century, 1216–1307. Oxford History of England.
- Ridley, Jasper G. (1985). Henry VIII.
- Clayton, F. David Roberts; Bisson, Douglas (2016). A History of England, Volume 1: Prehistory to 1714. Routledge.
- Thomson, John A.F. (2014). The Transformation of Medieval England 1370–1529. Routledge.
- Williams, Penry (1995). The Later Tudors: England, 1547–1603. Oxford University Press.
- Crosby, A. (1996). A History of Cheshire. (The Darwen County History Series.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-932-4.
- Harris, B. E.; Thacker, A. T. (1987). The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique, Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-722761-9.
- Morgan, P. (1978). Domesday Book Cheshire: Including Lancashire, Cumbria, and North Wales. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-140-4.
- Phillips, A. D. M.; Phillips, C. B. (2002). A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire. Chester, UK: Cheshire County Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. ISBN 0-904532-46-1.
- Sylvester, D. (1980). A History of Cheshire. (The Darwen County History Series) (2nd izd.). London and Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033-384-9.
- Darby, Henry C. (1977). Domesday England
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-31026-1. - Domesday Book: A Complete Translation. London: Penguin. 2003. ISBN 0-14-143994-7.
- 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: "Domesday Book" at Wikisource
- Freeman, Edward A. (1888). William the Conqueror (na jeziku: engleski). London: MacMillan and Co. OCLC 499742406.
- Hallam, Elizabeth M. (1986). Domesday Book through Nine Centuries. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0500250979.
- Harvey, Sally (2014). Domesday: Book of Judgement. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966978-3.
- Holt, J. C. (1987). Domesday Studies. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-263-5.
- Keats-Rohan, Katherine S. B. (1999). Domesday People: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166 (2v). Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press.
- Lennard, Reginald (1959). Rural England 1086–1135: A Study of Social and Agrarian Conditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821272-0.
- Maitland, F. W. (1988). Domesday Book and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-34918-4.
- Roffe, David (2000). Domesday: The Inquest and The Book. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820847-2.
- Roffe, David (2007). Decoding Domesday. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-307-9.
- Roffe, David; Keats-Rohan, Katharine (2016). Domesday Now: New Approaches to the Inquest and the Book. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-78327-088-0.
- Vinogradoff, Paul (1908). English Society in the Eleventh Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Wood, Michael (2005). The Domesday Quest: In Search of the Roots of England. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-52274-7.
- Bates, David (1985). A Bibliography of Domesday Book. Woodbridge: Boydell. ISBN 0-85115-433-6.
- Bridbury, A. R. (1990). „Domesday Book: a re-interpretation”. English Historical Review. 105: 284—309. doi:10.1093/ehr/cv.ccccxv.284.
- Darby, Henry C. (2003). The Domesday Geography of Eastern England. Domesday Geography of England. 1 (revised 3rd izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521893968.
- Darby, Henry C.; Terrett, I. B., ur. (1971). The Domesday Geography of Midland England. Domesday Geography of England. 2 (2nd izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521080789.
- Darby, Henry C.; Campbell, Eila M. J., ur. (1961). The Domesday Geography of South-East England. Domesday Geography of England. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521047706.
- Darby, Henry C.; Maxwell, I. S., ur. (1977). The Domesday Geography of Northern England. Domesday Geography of England. 4 (corrected izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521047730.
- Darby, Henry C.; Finn, R. Welldon, ur. (1979). The Domesday Geography of South West England. Domesday Geography of England. 5 (corrected izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521047714.
- Finn, R. Welldon (1973). Domesday Book: a guide. London: Phillimore. ISBN 0-85033-101-3.
- Snooks, Graeme D.; McDonald, John (1986). Domesday Economy: a new approach to Anglo-Norman history. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-828524-8.
- Hamshere, J. D. (1987). „Regressing Domesday Book: tax assessments of Domesday England”. Economic History Review. n.s. 40 (2): 247—51. JSTOR 2596690. doi:10.2307/2596690.
- Leaver, R. A. (1988). „Five hides in ten counties: a contribution to the Domesday regression debate”. Economic History Review. n.s. 41 (4): 525—42. JSTOR 2596600. doi:10.2307/2596600.
- McDonald, John; Snooks, G. D. (1985). „Were the tax assessments of Domesday England artificial?: the case of Essex”. Economic History Review. n.s. 38 (3): 352—72. JSTOR 2596992. doi:10.2307/2596992.
- Sawyer, Peter, ur. (1985). Domesday Book: a reassessment. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0713164409.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Secrets of the Norman Invasion Domesday analysis of wasted manors.