Luftvafe (Vermaht)
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Luftvafe (nem. Luftwaffe — „Ratno vazduhoplovstvo“ doslovno prevedeno sa nemačkog) je naziv za ratno vazduhoplovstvo nemačkog Vermahta. Nakon što je ratno vadzuhoplovstvo Nemačkog carstva raspušteno maja 1920. godine po odredbama Versajskog sporazuma, Luftvafe je ponovo osnovano 26. februara 1935. i postalo jedno od najjačih, najnaprednijih i najiskusnijih vazduhoplovstava na svetu kada je izbio Drugi svetski rat u Evropi u septembru 1939.[1] Nakon poraza Trećeg rajha, Luftvafe je raspušteno 1946.
Luftvafe Luftwaffe | |
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Luftwaffe eagle.svg | |
Osnovano | 1935–1945. |
Komandant | Herman Gering Robert fon Grajm |
Oznake |
Prvi svetski rat uredi
Luftvafe je osnovan za vreme Prvog svetskog rata, sa pojavom vojnih aviona. To je bilo prvo ratno vazduhoplovstvo na svetu. Za vreme rata je Luftvafe koristio širok spektar letelica. Posle nemačkog poraza, Luftvafe je rasformiran po uslovima Versajskog sporazuma. Kao rezultat ovog diskontinuiteta u postojanju, današnji Luftvafe nije najstarije ratno vazduhoplovstvo na svetu, jer je britanski RAF stariji.
Dana 26. februara 1935, Adolf Hitler je naredio pilotu i asu iz Prvog svetskog rata, Hermanu Geringu da ponovo uspostavi Luftvafe, kršeći sporazum. Ovo kršenje je proteklo bez sankcija Britanije, Francuske ili Lige naroda.
Drugi svetski rat uredi
Do 1939, pred izbijanje Drugog svetskog rata, Luftvafe je postao najmoćnija vazdušna snaga na svetu. Kao takav je igrao važnu ulogu u ranim nemačkim uspesima u ratu, i činio je ključnu kariku strategije Blickriga, mahom zahvaljujulji korišćenju inovativnog Junkersa Ju 87 ponirućeg bombardera (Sturzkampfflugzeug - „Štuka"). Kontingent Luftvafea (Legija Kondor) je poslat kao podrška Frankovim snagama u Španskom građanskom ratu sa planovima i osobljem.
Nesposobnost Luftvafea da kontroliše nebo u bici za Britaniju posle taktičke greške pomeranja fokusa operacija na sa bombardovanja aerodroma na bombardovanje industrijskih meta i gradova je bila jedna od ključnih tačaka rata. Nemačka vazdušna snaga, koja je patila od manjka goriva i lošeg rukovodstva se još smanjila ulaskom Amerike u rat, mada je ostala značajna, posebno na Istočnom frontu, i bila je tehnički napredna.
Jedinstvena karakteristika Luftvafea (nasuprot drugim nezavisnim avijacijama) je bila ta da je u svom sastavu imao padobrance.
Luftvafe je bila prva avijacija na svetu koja je koristila mlazni lovac - dvomotorni Meseršmit Me 262, mada je ovaj avion imao probleme sa pouzdanošću svojih mlaznih motora: dok su motori kod aviona Junkers Jumo 004 bili naprednog axial-flow dizajna, oni su patili od manjka visokokvalitetnih strateških materijala tokom proizvodnje kao rezultat savezničkih bombardovanja i promeni ratne sreće. Me-u 262 su se ubrzo pridružili ostali visoko napredni avionski dizajni, kao što su Arado Ar 234 dvo- i četvoromotorni bombarder/izviđački avion, Hajnkel He 162 jedno-motorni mlazni lovac (sa BMV-ovim mlaznim motorom), Meseršmit Me 163 Komet raketni lovac, i drugi. Više kasnijih visoko-naprednih avionskih dizajna kao što je Gota Go 229 (Gotha Go 229), leteće krilo, su bili ili u fazi testiranja ili je proizvodnja tek počela kad se rat završio. Nemačka avio-industrija je takođe razvila prvu masovno korišćenu krstareću raketu, Fisler Fi 103 V-1 leteća bomba, i prvu balističnu raketu, V-2.
Koliko god moderne ove letelice bile, one nisu same mogle sprečiti potpuni nemački poraz u vazduhu. Luftvafeu su nedostajali gorivo, obučeni piloti, organizaciono jedinstvo, i bezbedni aerodromi. Saveznici su sa druge strane bili u stanju da iskoriste nemačke tehničke napore: Operacija Spajalica, na primer, je bila jedna od mnogih smišljenih tokom 1944/45. da bi se sakupili ili tehnički uzorci, podaci ili samo razvojno osoblje koje bi bilo „evakuisano“ u SAD, Englesku, Rusiju ili Francusku. Rani američki i sovjetski svemirski programi su koristili nemačku opremu i zapošljavali nemačke naučnike i inženjere, poput Vernera fon Brauna.
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ Killen 2003, str. 93.
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(pomoć) - Williamson, Murray (1983). Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1933–1945. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Air University Press (US Air Force). ISBN 978-1-58566-010-0.