Olmeci
Olmeci (navatl: Ljudi iz zemlje kaučuka), ili naučno Kultura La Venta, su drevna kultura Srednje Amerike.
Istorija uredi
Centri ove civilizacije La Venta, Tres Zapotes i San Lorenso Tenočtitlan nalaze se na južnoj obali Meksičkog zaliva, u današnjim meksičkim državama Tabasko i Verakruz. Obilje padavina u ovoj oblasti omogućavalo je stanovnicima da se bave intenzivnim uzgajanjem kukuruza. Ova kultura se pojavila u višim predelima Meksika (država Gerero) u 15. veku pre nove ere. U 4. veku p. n. e. uništena su poslednja naselja kulture Olmeka.
Olmeci su stvorili prvo pismo u Americi, razvili su kalendar, gradili piramide, i izmislili igru sa loptom.
Bili su majstori u obradi kamena. Poznati su po gigantskim skulpturama glava, kao i po malim skulpturama od žada.
Kultura uredi
Kultura Olmeka nastala je kao prva kultura na obalama Meksičkog zaliva. Olmeci su takođe bili prvi koji su počeli tu sa izgradnjom monumentalnih svetilišta i posvetnih mesta. Većina stručnjaka je mišljenja da se tu radilo o govornom područiju miše-sokeskih jezika ali nije poznato kako su sami sebe nazivali a oznaka Olmeci je iz jezika mnogo kasnijih Asteka. Ljudi iz zemlje kaučuka. Njihova najveća središta su bili La Venta, San Lorenzo, Laguna de Los Keros i Tres Zapotes, gde se nalaze njihovi najznačajniji spomenici. Iza nastanka ove možne civilizacije slično kao i Mezopotamije stajali su povoljni prirodni uslovi koji su tadašnjim ljudima omogućili razvoj i procvat. Olmečku kulturu je prvi put od kulture maja počeo razlikovati Maršal H. Savile koji je bio direktor njujorškog muzeja američkih indijanaca.
Olmeci su bili nastanjeni u raznim regionima današnjeg Meksika u doba oko 1450. pre n.e. pri čemu je procvat ove kulture datiran u 50. godinama pre n.e. U svojim sedištima su Olmaci pored monumentalnih obrednih građevina tesali kamene glave ogromnih dimenzija koje su glavni prepoznatljivi odlike i karakteristike njihove kulture pored ogromnih tesanih oltara, stela i tirkiznih mozaika. Olmečka kulture se postepeno proširuje po celom Meksičkom zalivu i u severnu i južnu unutrašnjost.
Najveću pažnju zaslužuje sedamnaest isklesanih i sačuvanih ogromnih glava koji su tesane u kamenu a njihova upotreba ni danas nije poznata. Svaka od glava je drugačija i ima drugačije detalje, a zajednički elemenat su nekakve klesane kacige, koje se opet razlikuju među sobom. I njihove dimenzije su različite i kreću se od 3,4, metra do najmanje od 1, 47 metara. Neke glave su bile zakopane ili pretesane u nove forme a neke uništene od strane nastupajućih civilizacija.
Olmeci su poštovali ceo red bogova od kojih su neki ozdravljivali, a neki ovladavali tamnim silama, i oni su bili valiki deo njihovog života i kulture. Praktikovali su šamanizam i verovali su da svaki čovek ima životinjskog duha u sebi. Najznačajniji lik je u olmečkim božanstvima bio jaguar koji je poštovan posredstvom mnogo skulptura, a poštovano je i božanstvo deteta jaguara koje je bilo od oca jaguara i ljudske majke, i koje je ovladalo munje, grom i kišu. Ovom je boženstvu žrtvovana krv u obredima koji su se vršili u maju. Obred je vodio šaman, koji bi se približio božanstvu pušeći duvan ili praha duvana i biljki. Dim se prema njihovim verovanjima dizao u oblake odakle je padala blagotvorna kiša.
Daljim božanstvom prema verovanju Olmeka bila prva majka i prvi otac koji je bio poznat kao kukuruzni bog i ukrašena zmija i koji je osnovao njihovu civilizaciju i stvorio svemir. Dvojnici Hunalpu i Ksbalanku su pobedili smrt i bili su praoci ljudstva. Kukuruzni bog je bio predstavljanje života i smrti koje je izrazio posredstvom uvek ponavljajućeg puta po nebu. Njegova glava je izgledala kao kukuruzni klas što je bila inspiracija za modifikaciju lobanja majske dece iz plemićkih porodica.
Olmeci su praktikovali obrede za puštanje krvi jer se u njihovim hramovima našao veliki broj keramičkih trnova. Ovo pak nije podkrepljeno arheološkim dokazima iako je nađen izvestan broj poškođenih lobanja, butnih kostiju i celih kostura od novorođene dece.
Olmeci su znali za koncept nule već četiri veka pre negu je to upotrebljavao Ptolomej. Bili su dobri poznavaoci matematike i astronomije i njihova znanja su upotrebljavali za pronalazak kompleksnog kalendara.[1]
Pad olmečke kulture je nastao usled razvoja majskih gradova koji su narušili ravnotežu unutar oblasti. Godina 400. p. n. e. bili su opustošena središta olmečke kulture što je značilo njen kraj.
Reference uredi
- ^ „Unexplained Mysteries around the world”. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 04. 2004. g. Pristupljeno 09. 07. 2014.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Olmeci (nem.)
- Poreklo olmečke kulture (šp.)
- Drawings and photographs of the 17 colossal heads
- "Stone Etchings Represent Earliest New World Writing".Scientific American; Ma. del Carmen Rodríguez Martínez, Ponciano Ortíz Ceballos, Michael D. Coe, Richard A. Diehl, Stephen D. Houston, Karl A. Taube, Alfredo Delgado Calderón, Oldest Writing in the New World, Science, Vol 313, 15 September 2006, pp. 1610–1614.}-
- BBC audio file. Discussion of Olmec culture (15 mins) A History of the World in 100 Objects
- Smithsonian Olmec Legacy