Ritam (muzika)

низ тонова и пауза различитих трајања у музичком делу

Ritam (od grčke reči ῥυθμός, rhythmos, „svako regularno ponavljajuće kretanje, simetrija”) niz je tonova i pauza različitih trajanja u muzičkom delu.[1][2][3] Ovo opšte značenje redovnog ponavljanja ili obrasca u vremenu može se primeniti na širok spektar cikličnih prirodnih fenomena koji imaju periodičnost ili učestalost nečega od mikrosekundi do nekoliko sekundi (kao kod rifa u pesmama rok muzike); do nekoliko minuta ili sati, ili, u najekstremnijem slučaju, čak i tokom mnogo godina. Postoje razne ritmičke figure, a neke od njih su: nepravilne tonske grupe: triola, kvintola, sekstola, septola; sinkopa itd.

Ritam je srodan termin, ali se razlikuje od pulsa, metra i otkucaja:

Ritam se može definisati kao način na koji se jedan ili više taktova bez akcenta grupiše u odnosu na akcentovani. ... Ritmička grupa se može shvatiti samo kada se njeni elementi razlikuju jedan od drugog, ritam ... uvek uključuje međuodnos između jednog, naglašenog (jakog) takta i jednog ili dva nenaglašena (slaba) takta.[4]

U scenskim umetnostima, ritam je vremenski raspored događaja na ljudskom nivou; muzičkih zvukova i zatišja koje se javljaju tokom vremena, koraka plesa ili metra govornog jezika i poezije. U nekim izvođačkim umetnostima, kao što je hip hop muzika, ritmičko prenošenje stihova je jedan od najvažnijih elemenata stila. Ritam se takođe može odnositi na vizuelnu prezentaciju, kao „vremensko kretanje kroz prostor“[5] i zajednički jezik paterna ujedinjuje ritam sa geometrijom. Na primer, arhitekte često govore o ritmu zgrade, misleći na šare u razmaku prozora, stubova i drugih elemenata fasade.[6] Poslednjih godina, ritam i metar su postali važna oblast istraživanja među muzičkim naučnicima. Nedavni radovi u ovim oblastima uključuju knjige Maurija Jestona,[7][8][9] Freda Lerdala i Reja Džekendofa,[10] Džonatana Kramera, Kristofera Hejstija,[11] Godfrida Tusena,[12] Vilijama Rotštajna,[13] Džoela Lestera,[14] i Guerino Macola.

Reference uredi

Literatura uredi

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