Safavidi
Safavidska dinastija Persije (pers. سلسلة صفويان)[1] bila je persijska dinastija koja je vladala Persijskim carstvom, u islamskoj eri. Kao jedna do najznačajnijih dinastija, oni su vladali Iranom, od 1501. do 1736.[2] Carstvo se protezalo kroz Azerbejdžan, Jermeniju, Gruziju, istočni Irak, Avganistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadžikistan, Rusiju, istočnu Tursku i istočnu obalu Arabijskog poluostrva. Sama dinastija Safevida je bila kurdsko-azerskog porekla, a osnivač dinastije je bio Ismail I. Prestonice carstva su bile Tabriz (1501-1555), Kazvin (1555-1598) i Isfahan (1598-1722). Država je najviše vodila ratove protiv Osmanskog carstva. Zadnji vladar carstva je bio Abas III.
Safevidsko carstvo pers. سلسلة صفويان | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Zastava
 Grb
| |||
 Teritorije Safevidskog carstva | |||
| Geografija | |||
| Kontinent | Azija | ||
| Regija | Azerbejdžan, Armenija, Gruzija, istočni Irak, Avganistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadžikistan, Rusija, istočna Turska i istočna obala Arabijskog poluostrva | ||
| Prestonica | Tabriz (1501-1555) Kazvin (1555-1598) Isfahan (1598-1722) | ||
| Društvo | |||
| Službeni jezik | persijski | ||
| Religija | šiitski islam | ||
| Politika | |||
| Oblik države | Monarhija | ||
| — šah | Ismail I | ||
| Tahmasp I | |||
| Ismail II | |||
| Istorija | |||
| Postojanje | |||
| — Osnivanje | 1501. | ||
| — Ukidanje | 1736. | ||
| Geografske i druge karakteristike | |||
| Površina | |||
| — ukupno | 2.850.000 km² | ||
| Valuta | toman abasi šah | ||
Njihova vladavina se često smatra početkom moderne iranske istorije,[3] kao i jednom od barutnih imperija.[4] Safavidski šah Ismail I uspostavio je dvanaestoroimamsku denominaciju šiitskog islama kao zvaničnu religiju Persijskog carstva, označivši jednu od najvažnijih prekretnica u istoriji islama.[5] Safavidska dinastija vodi poreklo od safavidskog sufističkog reda, koji je uspostavljen u gradu Ardabilu u regionu Iranskog Azerbejdžana.[6] Bila je to iranska dinastija kurdskog porekla,[7] ali su se za vreme svoje vladavine venčavali sa turkmenskim,[8] gruzijskim,[9] čerkeškim,[10][11] i pontskim grčkim[12] dostojanstvenicima, ali su ipak bili turskijsko-govoreći i poturčeni.[13] Iz svoje baze u Ardabilu, Safavidi su uspostavili kontrolu nad delovima Velikog Irana i ponovo utvrdili iranski identitet regiona,[14] čime su postali prva autohtona dinastija od Sasanidskog carstva koja je uspostavila nacionalnu državu zvanično poznatu kao Iran.[15]
Kultura uredi
Porodica Safavid je bila pismena porodica od vremena svog ranog porekla. Postoje sačuvani tati i persijska poezija šejha Safi ad-dina Ardabilija, kao i persijska poezija šejha Sadr ad-dina. Većina sačuvane poezije šaha Ismaila I je pod azerbejdžanskim pseudonimom Kataj.[16] Sam Mirza, sin šaha Ismaila, kao i neki kasniji autori tvrde da je Ismail komponovao pesme na turskom i na perzijskom, ali je sačuvano samo nekoliko primeraka njegovih persijskih stihova.[17] Zbirka njegovih pesama na azerbejdžanskom jeziku objavljena je kao Divan. Šah Tahmasp koji je pisao poeziju na perzijskom, takođe je bio slikar, dok je šah Abas II bio poznat kao pesnik koji je pisao azerbejdžanske stihove.[18] Sam Mirza, sin Ismaila I, i sam je bio pjesnik i komponovao je svoju poeziju na perzijskom. Sastavio je i antologiju savremene poezije.[19]
Reference uredi
- ^ *Afšār, ta·līf-i Iskandar Baig Turkmān. Zīr-i naẓar bā tanẓīm-i fihristhā wa muqaddama-i Īraǧ (2003). Tārīkh-i ʻʻālamārā-yi ʻʻAbbāsī (na jeziku: persijski) (Čāp-i 3. izd.). Tihrān: Mu·assasa-i Intišārāt-i Amīr Kabīr. str. 17, 18, 19, 79. ISBN 978-964-00-0818-8.
- p. 17: dudmān-i safavīa
- p. 18: khāndān-i safavīa
- p. 19: sīlsīla-i safavīa
- p. 79: sīlsīla-i alīa-i safavīa
- ^ „SAFAVID DYNASTY”. Encyclopædia Iranica.
- ^ Matthee, Rudi (13. 6. 2017) [28 July 2008]. „SAFAVID DYNASTY”. Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University. ISSN 2330-4804. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_509
. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 5. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2022.
- ^ Streusand, Douglas E., Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135
- ^ Savory, Roger (2012) [1995]. „Ṣafawids”. Ur.: Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. 8. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-16121-4. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964.
- ^ Baltacıoğlu-Brammer, Ayşe (2021). „The emergence of the Safavids as a mystical order and their subsequent rise to power in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries”. Ur.: Matthee, Rudi. The Safavid World. Routledge Worlds (1st izd.). New York and London: Routledge. str. 15—36. ISBN 978-1-003-17082-2. S2CID 236371308. doi:10.4324/9781003170822.
- ^
- Matthee, Rudi. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. p. 18; "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background (...)".
- Savory, Roger. (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1. p. 8. "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."
- Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.) The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"
- ^
- Roemer, H.R. (1986). "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 214, 229
- Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. p. 3
- Savory, Roger M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998) ESMĀʿĪL I ṢAFAWĪ. Encyclopaedia Iranica Vol. VIII, Fasc. 6, pp. 628-636
- Ghereghlou, Kioumars (2016). ḤAYDAR ṢAFAVI. Encyclopaedia Iranica
- ^ Aptin Khanbaghi (2006) The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early. London & New York. IB Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-056-0, p. 130–1
- ^ Yarshater 2001, str. 493.
- ^ Khanbaghi 2006, str. 130.
- ^ Anthony Bryer. "Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, Vol. 29 (1975), Appendix II "Genealogy of the Muslim Marriages of the Princesses of Trebizond"
- ^ Safavidi at Encyclopædia Iranica, "The origins of the Safavids are clouded in obscurity. They may have been of Kurdish origin (see R. Savory, Iran Under the Safavids, 1980, p. 2; R. Matthee, "Safavid Dynasty" at iranica.com), but for all practical purposes they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified."
- ^ Why is there such confusion about the origins of this important dynasty, which reasserted Iranian identity and established an independent Iranian state after eight and a half centuries of rule by foreign dynasties? RM Savory, Iran under the Safavids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980), p. 3.
- ^ Alireza Shapur Shahbazi (2005), "The History of the Idea of Iran", in Vesta Curtis ed., Birth of the Persian Empire, IB Tauris, London, p. 108: "Similarly the collapse of Sassanian Eranshahr in AD 650 did not end Iranians' national idea. The name "Iran" disappeared from official records of the Saffarids, Samanids, Buyids, Saljuqs and their successor. But one unofficially used the name Iran, Eranshahr, and similar national designations, particularly Mamalek-e Iran or "Iranian lands", which exactly translated the old Avestan term Ariyanam Daihunam. On the other hand, when the Safavids (not Reza Shah, as is popularly assumed) revived a national state officially known as Iran, bureaucratic usage in the Ottoman empire and even Iran itself could still refer to it by other descriptive and traditional appellations".
- ^ V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shāh Ismā‘īl I", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.
- ^ "Ismail Safavi" Encyclopædia Iranica
- ^ E. Yarshater, Language of Azerbaijan Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (20. јануар 2009), vii., Persian language of Azerbaijan", Encyclopædia Iranica, v, pp. 238–45, Online edition.
- ^ Emeri "van" Donzel, Islamic Desk Reference, Brill Academic Publishers, 1994, p. 393.
Литература uredi
- Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who Became an Iranian Legend. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0857716767.
- Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence, ур. (1986). The Timurid and Safavid Periods. The Cambridge History of Iran. 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521200943.
- Khanbaghi, Aptin (2006). The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845110567.
- Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 изд.). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1442241466.
- Savory, Roger (2007). Iran under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521042512.
- Sicker, Martin (2001). The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0275968915.
- Yarshater, Ehsan (2001). Encyclopædia Iranica. Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0933273566.
- Christoph Marcinkowski (tr.), Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India and Early Ottoman Turkey, Singapore: Pustaka Nasional. 2003. ISBN 9971-77-488-7..
- Christoph Marcinkowski (tr., ed.), Mirza Rafi‘a's Dastur al-Muluk: A Manual of Later Safavid Administration. Annotated English Translation, Comments on the Offices and Services, and Facsimile of the Unique Persian Manuscript, Kuala Lumpur, ISTAC. 2002. ISBN 983-9379-26-7..
- Christoph Marcinkowski, From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century, Singapore, Pustaka Nasional. 2005. ISBN 9971-77-491-7..
- "The Voyages and Travels of the Ambassadors", Adam Olearius, translated by John Davies (1662),
- Yves Bomati, Houchang Nahavandi, "Shah Abbas, empereur de Perse – 1587–1629", Perrin, 1998, "Prix Eugène Colas" de l'Académie française . 1999. ISBN 2-262-01131-1.
- « Safawides » in Encyclopédie de l’Islam, vol. IX, Brill
- F. Richard, Splendeurs persanes, (exposition Paris 1997), BNF, Paris, 1997, 239 p. ISBN 2-7177-2020-0
- Sarwar, Ghulam (1975). History of Shah Ismail Safawi. 1 vol. (xii–126 p.). New York: AMS Press. ISBN 0-404-56322-8.
- S. Canby, The golden age of Persian art 1501 - 1722 London, British Museum Press. 2002. ISBN 0-7141-2404-4.
- S. Canby, J. Thompson, Hunt for paradise, courts arts of Safavid Iran 1501 - 1576, (exposition New York 2003-2004 and Milan 2004), Skira, 2003, 340 p. ISBN 0-87848-093-5
- (Persian) Negārkari irāni (« Persian painting »), Sheila R. Canby, tr. M. Shayestehfar, Téhéran. 1992. ISBN 964-92904-8-6.
- (Persian) Naqāshi irāni (« Persian painting »), Basil Gray, tr. Arabali Sherveh, Téhéran. 1995. ISBN 964-6564-86-0.
- Swietochowski, Marie Lukens; Babaie, Sussan (1989). Persian drawings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870995642.
- Bournoutian, George (2016). „Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4”. Iranian Studies. Taylor & Francis. 50 (1): 107—124.
- Bournoutian, George (2021). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. Brill. ISBN 978-9004445154.
- Kazemzadeh, F. (1991). „Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921”. Ur.: Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 314—349. ISBN 0-521-20095-4.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- History of the Safavids on Iran Chamber
- "Safavid dynasty", Encyclopædia Iranica by Rudi Matthee
- The History Files: Rulers of Persia
- BBC History of Religion
- Iranian culture and history site
- "Georgians in the Safavid administration", Encyclopædia Iranica
- Artistic and cultural history of the Safavids from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
- History of Safavid art
- A Study of the Migration of Shiʻi Works from Arab Regions to Iran at the Early Safavid Era.
- Why is Safavid history important? (Iran Chamber Society)
- Historiography During the Safawid Era
- "IRAN ix. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiʿism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", Encyclopædia Iranica by Hamid Algar