Haldeja
Haldeja (grč. Χαλδαία, akad. māt Kaldu, hebr. כשדים, arap. كلدان),[1][2] je helenistički naziv za dio Vavilonije, smješten oko nekadašnjeg sumerskog grada Ura koji je postao nezavisno kraljevstvo pod vlašću naroda zvanog Haldejci. To je kraljevstvo ratovalo sa stranim dinastijama koje su vladale južnom Mesopotamijom, uglavnom Akađanima i Vaviloncima. Za vrijeme vladavine Hamurabija je potpalo pod vavilonsku vlast, ali je sačuvalo vlastiti identitet.
Haldejski vladari su s vremenom počeli sticati sve veću vlast i uticaj nad Vavilonijom, tako da se u antičko doba izraz Haldeja važio kao sinonim za Vaviloniju. Prije toga je nekoliko Haldejaca nakratko uspjelo postati kraljevima Vavilona, ali je tek 625. p. n. e. haldejski princ po imenu Nabopalasar uspio trajno osvojiti vlast u Vaviloniji i osnovati Haldejsku dinastiju, odnosno državu koja se naziva Haldejsko kraljevstvo.
Tokom perioda slabosti u kraljevstvu Vavilonije koje je govorilo istočnosemitski, nova plemena migranata koji su govorili zapadnosemitski[3] su pristigla u region sa Levanta između 11. i 9. veka pre nove ere. Najraniji talasi su se sastojali od Suteana i Aramejaca, a nakon jednog veka usledili su Kaldi, grupa koja je kasnije postala poznata kao Haldeani ili Haldejci. Ove seobe nisu uticale na moćno kraljevstvo i carstvo Asirije u Gornjoj Mesopotamiji, koje je odbilo ove upade.
Ovi nomadski Haldejci su se naselili u krajnjem jugoistočnom delu Vavilonije, uglavnom na levoj obali Eufrata. Iako se za kratko vreme ime obično odnosilo na celu južnu Mesopotamiju u hebrejskoj literaturi, ovo je bio geografski i istorijski pogrešan naziv, jer je sama Haldeja zapravo bila samo ravnica na krajnjem jugoistoku formirana od naslaga Eufrata i Tigra, koja se proteže oko 640 km (400 mi) duž toka ovih reka i u proseku ima oko 160 km (100 mi) širine.
Postojalo je nekoliko kraljeva haldejskog porekla koji su vladali Vavilonijom.[4]:178 Od 626. p. n. e. do 539. p. n. e., vladarska porodica koja se naziva Haldejska dinastija, nazvana po njihovom mogućem haldejskom poreklu,[4]:4 vladala je kraljevstvom na svom vrhuncu pod Neovavilonskim carstvom, iako je konačni vladar ovog carstva, Nabonid (556–539. p. n. e.) (i njegov sin, i regent Valtazar) je bio uzurpator asirskog porekla.
Ime uredi
Ime Chaldaea je latinizacija grčkog imena Khaldaía (Χαλδαία), helenizacija akadskog māt Kaldu ili Kašdu.[5] Ime se pojavljuje na hebrejskom u Bibliji kao Kaśdim (כשדים)[6] i na aramejskom kao Kaśdāy (כשדי).[7][8][9]
Hebrejska reč se verovatno pojavljuje u Bibliji (Knjiga postanja 22:22) u imenu „Kesed“ (כשד), obliku jednine od „Kasdim“ (כשדים), što znači Haldejci. Kesed je identifikovan kao sin Abrahamovog brata Nahora (i brat Kemuela, oca Aramovog), koji je živeo u Aram Naharajmu. Jevrejski istoričar Flavije Josif (37 – oko 100) takođe povezuje Arfaksada i Haldeju, u svojim Starinama o Jevrejima, navodeći: „Arfaksad je imenovao Arfaksadite, koji se sada zovu Haldejci.“[10]
Zemlja uredi
U ranom periodu, između ranog 9. veka i kasnog 7. veka pre nove ere, mat Kaldi je bio naziv male sporadično nezavisne teritorije koju su osnovali migranti pod dominacijom Neoasirskog carstva (911–605. p. n. e.) u jugoistočnoj Vaviloniji, koja se prostirala do zapadnih obala Persijskog zaliva.[6]
Izraz mat Bit Yâkin je takođe korišten, očigledno kao sinonim. Bit Jakin je bilo ime najvećeg i najmoćnijeg od pet plemena Haldejaca, ili ekvivalentno, njihove teritorije.[11] Prvobitni opseg Bit Jakina nije tačno poznat, ali se prostiralo od donjeg Tigra do Arabijskog poluostrva. Sargon II pominje da se proteže do Dilmuna ili „morske zemlje“ (primorska istočna Arabija).[12] „Haldeja“ ili mat Kaldi se generalno odnosila na nisko, močvarno, aluvijalno zemljište oko ušća Tigra i Eufrata,[13] koje su u to vreme ispuštale svoje vode kroz odvojena ušća u more.
Glavni grad plemena Dur Jakin bio je prvobitno sedište Marduk-Baladana.[14]
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ Klaudije Ptolemej 5.19
- ^ Myers, Allen C. (1987). „Chaldea”. The Eerdmans Bible Dictionary. Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-2402-1.
- ^ Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "West Semitic". Glottolog 2.2. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^ a b Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). A History of Babylon, 2200 BC – AD 75. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1405188999.
- ^ Vlaardingerbroek, H.M. (2014). „Mesopotamia in Greek and Biblical Perceptions: Idiosyncrasies and Distortions” (PDF). Pristupljeno 15. 12. 2021.
- ^ a b McCurdy & Rogers 1902, str. 661–662.
- ^ Miller, Stephen (1994-08-31). Daniel: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture (na jeziku: engleski). B&H Publishing Group. str. 78. ISBN 978-1-4336-7559-1.
- ^ Strong, James (2009). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (na jeziku: engleski). Hendrickson Publishers. str. 1518. ISBN 978-1-59856-378-8.
- ^ FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (na jeziku: engleski). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. str. 230. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
- ^ Josephus, Flavius. Antiquities of the Jews. str. Book 1, section 143.
- ^ bit is the "house of" tribal denominator, Yâkin (Ia-kin) is presumably the name of a king of the Arabian Sealand. Sargon mentions Yakini as the name of the Marduk-Baladan's father. G. W. Bromiley (ed.), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1995), p. 325.
- ^ Raymond Philip Dougherty, The Sealand of Ancient Arabia, Yale University Press, 1932, 66ff.
- ^ FREEDMAN, ed; Freedman, David Noel (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (na jeziku: engleski). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. str. 229. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
- ^ Trevor Bryce, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire (2009), p. 130.
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