Cenzura
Cenzura je autoritarno ograničavanje ili zabrana javnog izražavanja mišljenja ili ideja, zbog opasnosti po vlast, društveni ili moralni poredak. Nju sprovode država, verske ili druge institucije. Cenzura može biti preventivna ili punitivna, kada se uništava materijal koji je već bio dostupan javnosti.[2][3][4] Cenzuru mogu sprovoditi vlade,[5] privatne institucije i druga kontrolna tela.
Istorija
urediGodine 399. pne, grčki filozof Sokrat, uprkos pokušajima grčke države da cenzuriše njegovo filozofsko učenje, optužen je za kolateralne prekršaje vezane za korupciju atinske omladine i osuđen na smrt ispijanjem otrova, kukuta.
Detalje o Sokratovoj osudi Platon beleži na sledeći način. Godine 399. pne, Sokrat je otišao na suđenje,[7] a zatim je proglašen krivim za kvarenje umova atinske omladine i za bezbožništvo (asebeja,[8] „ne verujući u državne bogove”),[9] i za kaznu osuđen je na smrt, izazvanu ispijanjem smeše koja sadrži kukutu.[10][11][12][13]
Za Sokratovog učenika, Platona, kaže se da se zalagao za cenzuru u svom eseju o Republici, koji se protivio postojanju demokratije. Za razliku od Platona, grčki dramski pisac Euripid (480-406 pne) branio je istinsku slobodu slobodnih ljudi, uključujući i pravo da slobodno govore. Švedska je 1766. postala prva država koja je zakonom ukinula cenzuru.[14]
Obrazloženje i kritika
urediCenzura je kroz istoriju kritikovana zbog toga što je nepravedna i ometa napredak. U eseju o cenzuri interneta iz 1997. godine, društveni komentator Majkl Landier tvrdi da je cenzura kontraproduktivna, jer sprečava raspravu o cenzuriranoj temi. Landier proširuje svoj argument tvrdnjom da oni koji nameću cenzuru moraju smatrati istinitim ono što cenzurišu, jer bi individue koje veruju da su u pravu pozdravile priliku da opovrgnu one sa suprotnim stavovima.[15]
Cenzura se često koristi za nametanje moralnih vrednosti društvu, kao u cenzuri materijala koji se smatra razvratnim. Engleski pisac E. M. Forster bio je okoreli protivnik cenzurisanja materijala po osnovi bestidanosti ili nemoralnosti, otvarajući pitanje moralnog subjektiviteta i stalne promene moralnih vrednosti. Kada je roman Ljubavnik dame Čaterli iz 1928. godine podvrgnut cenzuri 1960. godine, Forster je napisao:[16]
Ljubavnik dame Čaterli je književno delo od značaja ... Ja ne mislim da bi se on mogao smatrati razvratnim, mada ovde imam poteškoća, iz razloga što nikada nisam uspeo da sledim zakonsku definiciju opscenosti. Zakon mi govori da opscenost može da iskvari i pokvari, ali koliko ja znam, ne nudi definiciju izopačenosti ili korupcije.
Zagovornici su nastojali da to opravdaju koristeći različita obrazloženja za različite tipove cenzuriranih informacija:
- Moralna cenzura je uklanjanje materijala koji su bludni ili se na drugi način smatraju moralno upitnim. Pornografija, na primer, često se cenzuriše pod ovim obrazloženjem, posebno dečja pornografija, koja je nezakonita i cenzurirana u većini jurisdikcija u svetu.[17][18]
- Vojna cenzura je proces čuvanja tajnosti obaveštajnih podataka i vojne taktike i sprečavanje pristupa neprijateljima. Ovo se koristi za borbu protiv špijunaže.
- Politička cenzura nastaje kada vlade uskraćuju informacije svojim građanima. To se često čini kako bi se izvršila kontrola nad stanovništvom i sprečilo slobodno izražavanje koje bi moglo podstaći pobunu.
- Religijska cenzura je sredstvo kojim se uklanja svaki materijal koji određena religija smatra neprihvatljivim. Ovo često uključuje dominantnu religiju koja nameće ograničenja na manje rasprostranjene. Alternativno, jedna religija može izbegavati dela druge, ako smatra da sadržaj nije primeren njihovoj veri.
- Korporativna cenzura je proces kojim urednici u korporativnim medijima intervenišu kako bi ometali objavljivanje informacija koje prikazuju njihove poslovne aktivnosti ili poslovne partnere u negativnom svetlu,[19][20] ili intervenisali kako bi sprečili alternativne ponude da dođu do javnosti.[21]
Reference
uredi- ^ „David's Fig Leaf”. Victoria and Albert Museum. Arhivirano iz originala 03. 06. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2007.
- ^ „censorship noun”. merriam-webster.com. Pristupljeno 30. 1. 2019.
- ^ „cen·sor·ship”. ahdictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 1. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 30. 1. 2019.
- ^ „Definition of censorship in English”. oxforddictionaries.com. Oxford Living Dictionaries. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 04. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 30. 1. 2019.
- ^ „censorship, n.”, OED Online, Oxford University Press, jun 2018, Pristupljeno 8. 8. 2018
- ^ Sui-Lee Wee; Ben Blanchard (4. 6. 2012). „China blocks Tiananmen talk on crackdown anniversary”. Reuters. Arhivirano iz originala 2015-09-24. g. Pristupljeno 2013-05-08.
- ^ M.F. Burnyeat (1997), The Impiety of Socrates Mathesis publications; Ancient Philosophy 17 Accessed November 23, 2017
- ^ Debra Nails, A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought Chapter 21 – The Trial and Death of Socrates John Wiley & Sons, 2012 ISBN 1-118-55668-2 Accessed November 23, 2017
- ^ Plato. Apology, 24–27.
- ^ Warren, J (2001). „Socratic suicide”. J Hell Stud. 121: 91—106. JSTOR 631830. PMID 19681231. S2CID 24221544. doi:10.2307/631830.
- ^ Linder, Doug (2002). "The Trial of Socrates". University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ "Socrates (Greek philosopher)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 12, 2013.
- ^ R. G. Frey (January 1978).
- ^ "The Long History of Censorship" Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (27. jun 2014), Mette Newth, Beacon for Freedom of Expression (Norway), 2010
- ^ "Internet Censorship is Absurd and Unconstitutional" Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (29. jun 2019), Michael Landier, 4 June 1997
- ^ "The Trial of Lady Chatterley's Lover", Paul Gallagher, Dangerous Minds, 10 November 2010
- ^ „Child Pornography: Model Legislation & Global Review” (PDF) (5 izd.). International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children. 2008. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2012-11-20. g. Pristupljeno 2012-08-25.
- ^ „World Congress against CSEC”. Csecworldcongress.org. 2002-07-27. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 3. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 2011-10-21.
- ^ Timothy Jay (2000). Why We Curse: A Neuro-psycho-social Theory of Speech . John Benjamins Publishing Company. str. 208–209. ISBN 978-1-55619-758-1.
- ^ David Goldberg; Stefaan G. Verhulst; Tony Prosser (1998). Regulating the Changing Media: A Comparative Study. Oxford University Press. str. 207. ISBN 978-0-19-826781-2.
- ^ McCullagh, Declan (2003-06-30). „Microsoft's new push in Washington”. CNET. Pristupljeno 2011-10-21.
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uredi- Ovaj članak ili njegov deo izvorno je preuzet iz Rečnika socijalnog rada Ivana Vidanovića uz odobrenje autora.
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