Crna smrt

Crna smrt bila je pandemija koja je harala pogotovo Evropom u srednjem veku, odnevši živote 75-200 miliona ljudi, odnosno trećinu tadašnje evropske populacije. U Evropi je dostigla vrhunac između 1347 i 1351. Većina naučnika smatra da je Crna smrt bila pandemija kuge, dok neki smatraju da je bio virus sličan eboli. Analiza drevne DNK žrtava bolesti u Evropi je utvrdila da je odgovorni patogen bakterija Yersinia pestis. Crna smrt nastala je u Kini 1334. godine, da bi se potom polako širila na zapad. 1346. stigla je do Egipta, Sirije i zatim Krima, a 1347. do Konstantinopolja, Sicilije i zatim južne Evrope. 1348. stigla je do Francuske, Holandije, Nemačke i Engleske, a 1349. do Skandinavije i Rusije.

Raširenost Crne smrti 1347—1351. u Evropi

  1347.

  Sredina 1348.

  Rana 1349.

  Kasna 1349.

  1350.

  1351.

  Posle 1351.

  Minorna pojava

Crna smrt. "The Chronicles of Gilles Li Muisis" (1272-1352), abbot of the monastery of St. Martin of the Righteous. Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.

Zbog svoje velike smrtnosti, Crna smrt je izazvala opštu paniku. Ljudi nisu znali odakle bolest dolazi niti kako je zaustaviti. Tražeći uzrok, mnogi su verovali da je Crna smrt Božija kazna. Međutim, pošto crkva nije mogla da objasni i zaustavi bolest, mnogi su postali ravnodušni prema njoj i živeli po filozofiji da treba živeti što bolje dok te bolest ne pogodi, ignorišući tako savete lekara o izbirljivosti što se tiče hrane i pića i izbegavanja suvišnog kontakta s ljudima. Neki su tvrdili da je uzrok bolesti natprirodan i da se prenosi vetrom, pa je trebalo ostati u kućama i zatvarati prozore. Neki su krivili Jevreje, što je dovodilo do njihovih progona.

Crna smrt je bila prva velika Evropska epidemija kuge, i druga pandemija kuge. Kuga je stvorila niz verskih, društvenih i ekonomskih preokreta koji su imali duboke posledice na tok evropske istorije. Sveukupno, kuga je možda smanjila svetsku populaciju sa procenjenih 450 miliona na 350–375 miliona u 14. veku. Bilo je potrebno 200 godina da se svetska populacija oporavi na svoj prethodni nivo. Kuga se ponovo pojavljivala kao epidemija u Evropi do 19. veka.

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Spoljašnje veze

• Crna smrt (jezik: engleski)