Thinocyon

Thinocyon; Vremenski raspon: 50.3–46.2 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ rani do srednji eocen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	†Hyaenodonta
Porodica:	†Limnocyonidae
Rod:	†Thinocyon; Marsh, 1872
Tipska vrsta
	†Thinocyon velox; Marsh, 1872
Vrste
	†Thinocyon medius; †Thinocyon velox;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Tinocyon (Lavrov, 1999) ; sinonimi vrste: T. medius: Limnocyon medius (Wortman, 1902) ; Thinocyon submedius (Morlo, 2000) ; Tinocyon medius (Lavrov, 1999) ; ; T. velox: Limnocyon velox (Wortman, 1902) ; Thinocyon cledensis (Matthew, 1909) ; Thinocyon minimus (Matthew, 1909) ; Thinocyon mustelinus (Matthew, 1909) ; Thinocyon wyomingensis (Morlo, 2000) ; ;

Thinocyon (Thinokion — „pas pješčane dine”) je izumrli rod placentalnih sisara iz izumrle porodice Limnocyonidae, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Etimologija naziva uredi

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Thinocyon	starogrčke riječi thina (stgrč. θίνα), koja znači pješčana dina ili obala i starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas	pas pješčane dine^[9]

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
T. medius	roda Thinocyon i latinske riječi medijus (lat. medius), koja znači sredina	srednji Thinokion
T. velox	roda Thinocyon i latinske riječi veloks (lat. velox), koja znači brzo	brzi Thinokion

Opis uredi

Vrste iz roda Thinocyon su bile sisari koji su po svojoj veličini i građi nalikovali na američku vidricu.^[10] Noge kod ovi sisara su bile duge i vitke. Bile su prilagođenje penjanju po drveću, kao i brzom trčanju. Vrsta Thinocyon medius je težila od 1,18 do 2,5 kg.^[11]^[12] Vrsta Thinocyon velox je težila od 0,72 do 1,46 kg^[11]^[12] i zapremina mozga u lobanji kod ove vrste je iznosila 6 cm³.^[12]^[13] Zubna formula kod vrsti iz ovog roda je ?.1.4.23.1.4.2.^[14]

ilustracija lobanje vrste Thinocyon medius

ilustracija podlaktice i
prednje desne šape vrste
Thinocyon medius

lobanja vrste Thinocyon velox

Ponašanje i paleoekologija uredi

Vrsta iz roda Thinocyon su bile mali kopneni predatori koji je u prošlosti Sjeverne Amerike nastanjivali plavne ravnice i kopnene ekosisteme. Živjele su slično kao današnje cibetke i kune. Hranile su se malim plijenom (malim sisarima, malim pticama, malim gmizavcima, insektima i sl.) i sa jajima.

Sistematika uredi

Klasifikacija uredi

Rod: †*Thinocyon* (Marsh, 1872)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†T. medius (Wortman, 1902)^[15]	SAD (Vajoming)	47,0 do 46,2 mil. god.
†T. velox (Marsh, 1872)^[16]	SAD (Vajoming)	50,3 do 46,2 mil. god.

Filogenija uredi

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Thinocyon.^[5]^[6]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

†Hyaenodonta

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Limnocyonidae

	†Oxyaenodon

	†Prolaena

?	†"Thinocyon" sichowensis

	†Limnocyon potens

	†Limnocyon cuspidens

	†Limnocyon verus

†Thinocyon

	†Thinocyon medius

	†Thinocyon velox

†Iridodon

	†Prolimnocyon atavus

	†Prolimnocyon haematus

†Prolimnocyon antiquus

†Prolimnocyon chowi

†Prolimnocyon eerius

?

†Prolimnocyon sp. (South Pass, Green River Basin, Wyoming)

†Arfiidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

	†Gazinocyon

	†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

†Parvavorodon

	†Indohyaenodontidae

	†Glibzegdouia

†Indohyaenodon grupa

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Tritemnodon grupa

†Teratodontidae

†Apterodontinae

	†Maocyon	†Maocyon/Orienspterodon grupa

	†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

	†Hemipsalodon

	†Ischnognathus

†Akhnatenavus grupa

†Akhnatenavus

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

?

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

	†Kerberos

	†"Pterodon" syrtos

†Pterodon grupa

†Pterodontina

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

	†"Pterodon" africanus

	†Parapterodon

?

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Paroxyaenini

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

	†Exiguodon

	†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

	†Sivapterodon

	†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

	†Hyainailouros sulzeri

?	†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

	†Leakitheriini

	†Megistotherium

	†Mlanyama

	†Metapterodontini

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae

†Hyainailouridae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Lahimia grupa

†Limnocyon

†Prolimnocyon

†Arfia grupa

†Galecyon grupa

†afro-arabijska grupa

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Thinocyon unutar porodice Limnocyonidae uredi

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

^ A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
^ M. Morlo, G. F. Gunnell and J. A. Alexander (2000.) "Small Limnocyoninae (Hyaenodontidae, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (Latest Early and Middle Eocene) of Wyoming." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(3):59A
^ W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ ^a ^b M. Morlo & G. F. Gunnell (2003.) "Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) From the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon And Iridodon, New Genus." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31(2):43-78
^ ^a ^b M. Morlo and G. F. Gunnell (2005.) "New species of Limnocyon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (middle Eocene)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(1):251-255
^ Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). „Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)”. PeerJ. 4: e2639. PMC 5111901  . PMID 27867761. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ Daniel L. Gebo & Kenneth D. Rose (1993.) "Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13:1, 125-144
^ ^a ^b Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 10. 03. 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^v Morgane Dubied; Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution”. Palaeontology. 62 (6): 983—1001. doi:10.1111/pala.12437.
^ Flink, T.; Cote, S. (2021). „The neurocranium of Ekweeconfractus amorui gen. et sp. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) and the evolution of the brain in some hyaenodontan carnivores”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2): e1927748. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1927748.
^ G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206
^ O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part II." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. фебруар 2022) American Journal of Science 4(21):202-224
^ Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .
^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
^ Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
^ Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.
^ Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

Литература uredi

W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
M. R. Thorpe (1923.) "Notes on the Bridger (Eocene) Carnivora." Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. januar 2023) American Journal of Science 5(25):23-39
R. H. Denison (1938.) "The broad-skulled Pseudocreodi." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 37:163-256
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
C. L. Gazin (1976.) "Mammalian Faunal Zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 26:1-25
Floréal Solé (2013). „New proviverrine genus from the Early Eocene of Europe and the first phylogeny of Late Palaeocene–Middle Eocene hyaenodontidans (Mammalia)”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (4): 375—398. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.686927.

[Lavrov1999-1] A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].

[2] M. Morlo, G. F. Gunnell and J. A. Alexander (2000.) "Small Limnocyoninae (Hyaenodontidae, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (Latest Early and Middle Eocene) of Wyoming." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20(3):59A

[3] W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567

[McKenna_&_Bell-4] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[Morlo2003-5] M. Morlo & G. F. Gunnell (2003.) "Small Limnocyonines (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) From the Bridgerian Middle Eocene of Wyoming: Thinocyon, Prolimnocyon And Iridodon, New Genus." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 31(2):43-78

[Morlo2005-6] M. Morlo and G. F. Gunnell (2005.) "New species of Limnocyon (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the Bridgerian (middle Eocene)." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25(1):251-255

[Brychotherium-7] Matthew R. Borths; Patricia A. Holroyd; Erik R. Seiffert (2016). „Hyainailourine and teratodontine cranial material from the late Eocene of Egypt and the application of parsimony and Bayesian methods to the phylogeny and biogeography of Hyaenodonta (Placentalia, Mammalia)”. PeerJ. 4: e2639. PMC 5111901  . PMID 27867761. doi:10.7717/peerj.2639.

[8] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[9] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[10] Daniel L. Gebo & Kenneth D. Rose (1993.) "Skeletal morphology and locomotor adaptation in Prolimnocyon atavus, an early Eocene hyaenodontid creodont". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13:1, 125-144

[Naoko2001-11] Egi, Naoko (2001). „Body mass estimates in extinct mammals from limb bone dimensions: the case of North American hyaenodontids.” (PDF). Palaeontology. 44 (3): 497—528. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 04. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 10. 03. 2021.

[Provierra2019-12] v Morgane Dubied; Floréal Solé; Bastien Mennecart (2019). „The cranium of Provierra typica (Mammalia, Hyaenodonta) and its impact on hyaenodont phylogeny and endocranial evolution”. Palaeontology. 62 (6): 983—1001. doi:10.1111/pala.12437.

[Flink2021-13] Flink, T.; Cote, S. (2021). „The neurocranium of Ekweeconfractus amorui gen. et sp. nov. (Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) and the evolution of the brain in some hyaenodontan carnivores”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (2): e1927748. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1927748.

[14] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[15] J. L. Wortman (1902.) "Studies of Eocene Mammalia in the Marsh Collection, Peabody Museum." The American Journal of Science, series 4 13:197-206

[16] O. C. Marsh (1872.) "Preliminary description of new Tertiary mammals. Part II." Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. фебруар 2022) American Journal of Science 4(21):202-224

[Matthew2017-17] Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). „Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)”. Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776  .

[Simbakubwa-18] Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.

[Geodiversitas4213-19] Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). „The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian”. Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185—214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.

[hyaenodontsGeobios-20] Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). „New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene”. Geobios. 66-67: 119—141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004.

[Maocyon-21] Averianov, Alexander; Obraztsova, Ekaterina; Danilov, Igor; Jin, Jian-Hua (2023). „A new hypercarnivorous hyaenodont from the Eocene of South China”. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1076819/full.

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