Bliskoistočno bojište Prvog svetskog rata

Bliskoistočno bojište Prvog svetskog rata
	Deo Prvog svetskog rata
	; Galipoljska kampanja, april 1915.
Vreme:	30. oktobar 1914 – 30. oktobar 1918; (4 godine)
Mesto:	Srednji Istok (Kavkaz, Libija, Egipat, Sinajsko poluostrvo, Palestina, Sirija, Jordan, Iran, Galipolje, Arabijsko poluostrvo, Persijski zaliv, Mesopotamija)
Ishod:	Pobeda saveznika Primirje sa Mudrosa; Pad Osmanskog carstva; Osnivanje novih država na Bliskom Istoku; Brest-litovski mir, Batumski sporazum, Sevrski sporazum;
Teritorijalne; promene:	Podela Osmanskog carstva
Sukobljene strane
Sile Antante:; Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo Indija; Australija; Novi Zeland; Južna Afrika; Njufaundlend; Kuvajt; Asirski dobrovoljci; Ruska Imperija (do 1917) Jermenski korpus; Francuska Alžir; Tunis; Zapadna Afrika; Ekvatorijalna Afrika; Jermenska liga; Jermenija (1918); Hidžaz; Kraljevina Italija; Nedžd i Hasa; Asir Kurdske pobune	Centralne sile:; Osmansko carstvo; Nemačko carstvo; AustrougarskaKlijenti:; Džabal Šamar; Senusi (od 1915); Azerbejdžan (1918); Gruzija (1918) Jamija al-Nahda al-Islamija (1918)
Jačina
2.550.000; 1.000.000; nekoliko 100.000; nekoliko 100.000; 70.000; ; 30.000 (1916); 50.000+ (1918); 2.000Total: 3.620.000+	; 2.800.000 (ukupno regruta); 800.000 (vrhunac); 323.000 (tokom primirja); ; 6.500 (1916); 20.000 (1918); 20.000 (1918); 10.000 (1915); : 9.000 (1918)
Žrtve i gubici
~1.250.000 Raspodela Žrtava po zemlji 1.005.000; 140.000+; 47.000+; 11.000+; ;	1.560.000; 771.844 mrtvih/nestalih; 695.375 ranjenih; 145.104 zarobljenih

Bliskoistočno bojište Prvog svetskog rata obuhvata ratna dejstva između 29. oktobra 1914. i 30. oktobra 1918. Borci su sa jedne strane bili Osmansko carstvo (uključujući Kurde i neka arapska plemena), uz određenu pomoć drugih centralnih sila; a s druge strane, Britanci (uz pomoć Jevreja, Grka, Asirca i većine Arapa, zajedno sa Indijcima njihovog carstva), Rusi (uz pomoć Jermenaca) i Francuzi su među savezničkim silama. Bilo je pet glavnih kampanja: Sinajska i Palestinska kampanja, Mesopotamijska kampanja, Kavkaska kampanja, Persijska kampanja i Galipoljska kampanja. Bilo je i nekoliko manjih kampanja: Senuska kampanja, Arapska kampanja i Južnoarabijska kampanja.

Obe strane su koristile lokalne asimetrične sile u regionu. Na savezničkoj strani bili su Arapi koji su učestvovali u Arapskom ustanku i Jermenska milicija koja je učestvovala u Jermenskom otporu tokom Jermenskog genocida; zajedno sa jermenskim dobrovoljačkim jedinicama, Jermenska milicija je formirala Jermenski korpus Prve republike Jermenije 1918. godine. Pored toga, Asirci su se pridružili Saveznicima nakon Asirskog genocida, što je podstaklo Asirski rat za nezavisnost.^[13] Turske Osmanlije imale su podršku Kurda (do 1915), Turkomana, Čerkezaca, Čečena i niza iranskih, arapskih i berberskih grupa. Ovo bojište je pokrivalo najveću teritoriju od svih bojišta ovog rata.

Rusko učešće u teatru je okončano kao rezultat Erzindžanskog primirja (5. decembar 1917), nakon čega se revolucionarna Ruska vlada povukla iz rata pod uslovima iz Bres-litovskog sporazuma (3. mart 1918). Jermenci su prisustvovali Trabzonskoj mirovnoj konferenciji (14. mart 1918), koja je 4. juna 1918. rezultirala Batumovim ugovorom. Osmanlije su 30. oktobra 1918. prihvatile Mudroško primirje sa saveznicima i potpisale Sevrski ugovor 10. avgusta 1920. i kasnije Lozanski ugovor 24. jula 1923. godine.

Napomene уреди

^ In the Battle of Jarrab, the only major battle that the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa participated in during World War I
^ Total number in the combined Turkish-Azerbaijani Islamic Army of the Caucasus

Reference уреди

^ Austro-Hungarian Army in the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 Архивирано 18 јун 2008 на сајту Wayback Machine
^ Jung, Peter (2003). Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I. Oxford: Osprey. стр. 47. ISBN 9781841765945.
^ ^а ^б Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat (2006). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. стр. 94. ISBN 9780521620963.
^ ^а ^б ^в Erickson, Edward J. (2007). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study. Taylor & Francis. стр. 154. ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6.
^ Murphy 2008, стр. 26
^ Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü (2006). Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II. Tughra Books. стр. 29. ISBN 978-1-59784-054-5. . Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere.
^ ^а ^б ^в Broadberry, S. N.; Harrison, Mark (2005). The Economics Of World War I. Cambridge University Press. стр. 117. ISBN 9780521852128.
^ Gerd Krumeich: Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, UTB. Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd; Renz, Irina (2008). Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg. Schöningh. ISBN 9783825283964. (језик: немачки)
^ A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, M. Sükrü Hanioglu, page 181, 2010
^ Macmunn & Falls 1996, стр. 411
^ Kostiner, Joseph (1993). The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. стр. 28. ISBN 9780195360707.
^ Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War By Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Greenwood Publishing Group. Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313315169. . Listed below are total Ottoman casualties; they include some 50,000 losses in eastern Europe of which 25,000 were in Galicia, 20,000 in Romania, and a few thousand in Macedonia (p. 142).
^ Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, pp. 281

Literatura уреди

Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31516-9.
Naayem, Joseph (1921). Shall This Nation Die?. New York: Chaldean Rescue. OCLC 1189853.
Pasdermadjian, Garegin; Torossian, Aram (1918). Why Armenia Should be Free: Armenia's Role in the Present War. Hairenik Pub. Co. стр. 45.
Pongiluppi, Francesco (2015). The Energetic Issue as a Key Factor of the Fall of the Ottoman Empire. in "The First World War: Analysis and Interpretation" (edited by Biagini and Motta), Vol. 2., Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 453–464.
Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press.
Murphy, David (2008). The Arab Revolt 1916–18 Lawrence sets Arabia Ablaze. London: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84603-339-1. .
Slot, B.J. (2005). Mubarak Al-Sabah: Founder of Modern Kuwait 1896–1915. London: Arabian Publishing. ISBN 9780954479244.
Allen, W.E.D. and Paul Muratoff, Caucasian Battlefields, A History of Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921, Nashville, TN, 1999 (reprint). ISBN 978-0-89839-296-8.
Erickson, Edward J. Gallipoli & the Middle East 1914–1918: From the Dardanelles to Mesopotamia (Amber Books Ltd, 2014).
Fawaz, Leila Tarazi (2014). A Land of Aching Hearts: The Middle East in the Great War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674735651. OCLC 894987337.
Johnson, Rob. The Great War and the Middle East (Oxford UP, 2016).
Knight, Paul. The British Army in Mesopotamia, 1914–1918. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Knight, Paul (2013). The British Army in Mesopotamia, 1914-1918. McFarland. ISBN 9780786470495. OCLC 793581432.
Silberstein, Gerard E. (1965). „The Central Powers and the Second Turkish Alliance, 1915”. Slavic Review. 24 (1): 77—89. JSTOR 2492991. S2CID 164195568. doi:10.2307/2492991.
Strachan, Hew. The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (Oxford University Press, 2003) pp. 644–93.
Tanielian, Melanie Schulze (2018). Charity of War: Famine, Humanitarian Aid and World War I in the Middle East. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503603523.
Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. The First World War in the Middle East (Hurst, 2014).
Van Der Vat, Dan (1986). The ship that changed the world. Grafton. ISBN 9780586069295.
Weber, Frank G. Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the diplomacy of the Turkish alliance, 1914–1918 (Cornell University Press, 1970).
Woodward, David R. (2006). Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2383-7.

Spoljašnje veze уреди

Yanıkdağ, Yücel: Ottoman Empire/Middle East , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Baş, Mehmet Fatih: War Losses (Ottoman Empire/Middle East) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Maksudyan, Nazan: Civilian and Military Power (Ottoman Empire) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Criss, Nur Bilge: Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Smith, Leonard V.: Post-war Treaties (Ottoman Empire/ Middle East) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
The Anglo-Russian Entente:Agreement concerning Persia 1907
The French, British and Russian joint declaration over the situation in Armenia published on May 24, 1915
The Middle East during World War I By Professor David R Woodward for the BBC
Turkey in the First World War web site

[Jarrab-7] In the Battle of Jarrab, the only major battle that the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa participated in during World War I

[Islamic_Army-11] Total number in the combined Turkish-Azerbaijani Islamic Army of the Caucasus

[1] Austro-Hungarian Army in the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 Архивирано 18 јун 2008 на сајту Wayback Machine

[2] Jung, Peter (2003). Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I. Oxford: Osprey. стр. 47. ISBN 9781841765945.

[kate-3] а ^б Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat (2006). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. стр. 94. ISBN 9780521620963.

[erickson2007-4] а ^б ^в Erickson, Edward J. (2007). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study. Taylor & Francis. стр. 154. ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6.

[Murphy26-5] Murphy 2008, стр. 26

[6] Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü (2006). Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II. Tughra Books. стр. 29. ISBN 978-1-59784-054-5. . Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere.

[broadberry-8] а ^б ^в Broadberry, S. N.; Harrison, Mark (2005). The Economics Of World War I. Cambridge University Press. стр. 117. ISBN 9780521852128.

[9] Gerd Krumeich: Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, UTB. Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd; Renz, Irina (2008). Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg. Schöningh. ISBN 9783825283964. (језик: немачки)

[Late_Ottoman_Empire_page_181-10] A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, M. Sükrü Hanioglu, page 181, 2010

[12] Macmunn & Falls 1996, стр. 411

[13] Kostiner, Joseph (1993). The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. стр. 28. ISBN 9780195360707.

[Er211-14] Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War By Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Greenwood Publishing Group. Erickson, Edward J. (2001). Ordered to die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313315169. . Listed below are total Ottoman casualties; they include some 50,000 losses in eastern Europe of which 25,000 were in Galicia, 20,000 in Romania, and a few thousand in Macedonia (p. 142).

[books.google.co.uk-15] Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, pp. 281

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