Istorija Pakistana
Istorija Pakistana obuhvata istoriju regiona koji sačinjava današnji Pakistan. Ona je isprepletena sa istorijom šireg Indijskog potkontinenta i okolnih regiona Južne Azije, Istočne Azije, Centralne Azije i Bliskog Istoka.[1] Smatra se da su anatomski moderni ljudi stigli u Pakistan pre 73 000 do 55 000 godina.[2] Naseljeni život koji uključuje prelazak sa sakupljanja na poljoprivredu i pastoralizam, počeo je u Pakistanu oko 7000. p. n. e.. Domestikacija pšenice i ječma koja je ubrzo praćena pripitomljavanjem koza, ovaca i goveda, dokumentovana je u Mergaru u Beludžistanu.[3] Do 4.500. p. n. e., naseljeni život je postao šire rasprostranjen,[3] i na kraju je evoluirao u civilizaciju doline Inda,[4] ranu civilizaciju Starog sveta koja je bila veća po kopnenoj površini od njenih savremenika Drevog Egipta i Mesopotamije zajedno.[5][6][7][8] Ona je cvetala između 2.500. p. n. e. i 1.900 godine pne sa sedištima u Harapi[9] i Mohendžo-daru,[10] usredsređena uglavnom na Centralni i Južni Pakistan.[11]
Civilizacija doline Inda bila je poznata po razvijenim novim tehnikama zanatstva, ukrasnih proizvoda, rezbarenja pečata, metalurgije, urbanističkog planiranja, kuća od pečene cigle, efikasnih drenažnih sistema, vodovodnih sistema i klastera velikih nestambenih zgrada.[12] To je bila jedna od prvih civilizacija koja je koristila prevoz na točkovima u obliku volovskih kola, a takođe je koristila i čamce.[13] Induska civilizacija je znatno zavisila od trgovine. Trgovinski putevi koji presecaju dolinu Inda i koji povezuju centralnu Aziju, Indijski potkontinent i Orijent privukli su ljude iz Grčke i Mongolije.[14] Početkom drugog milenijuma pre nove ere klimatske promene su, uz stalne suše, dovele do napuštanja urbanih središta civilizacije doline Inda. Njeno stanovništvo se preselilo u manja sela i pomešalo se sa indo-arijskim plemenima, koji su se preselila u druga područja Indijskog potkontinenta u nekoliko talasa migracije, takođe pod uticajem posledica ove klimatske promene.[15]
Istorija Pakistana za period koji je prethodio stvaranju zemlje 1947. godine[16] zajednička je sa istorijama Avganistana, Indije i Irana. Obuhvaćajući zapadni prostor Indijskog potkontinenta i istočne granice Iranske visoravni, region današnjeg Pakistana služio je i kao plodno tlo velike civilizacije i kao ulaz Južne Azije u Srednju Aziju i Bliski Istok.[17][18]
Reference уреди
- ^ „Pakistan: The lesser-known histories of an ancient land”.
- ^ Michael D. Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (22. 5. 2007). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 6. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1.
- ^ а б Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, стр. 44, 51, ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9
- ^ Coppa, A.; L. Bondioli; A. Cucina; D. W. Frayer; C. Jarrige; J. F. Jarrige; G. Quivron; M. Rossi; M. Vidale; R. Macchiarelli (2006). „Palaeontology: Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry”. Nature. 440 (7085): 755—756. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..755C. PMID 16598247. doi:10.1038/440755a.
- ^ Possehl, G. L. (oktobar 1990). „Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanization”. Annual Review of Anthropology. 19 (1): 261—282. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001401. Приступљено 6. 5. 2007.
- ^ Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark; Kimberley Heuston (maj 2005). The Ancient South Asian World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517422-9. Архивирано из оригинала 20. 11. 2012. г.
- ^ „Palaeolithic and Pleistocene of Pakistan”. Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield. Приступљено 1. 12. 2007.
- ^ Murray, Tim (1999). Time and archaeology. London; New York: Routledge. стр. 84. ISBN 978-0-415-11762-3.
- ^ „Recent Indus Discoveries and Highlights from Excavations at Harappa 1998-2000”. www.harappa.com. Приступљено 31. 3. 2019.
- ^ „Mohenjo-daro!”. www.harappa.com. Приступљено 19. 6. 2019.
- ^ „Mohenjo-daro!”. www.harappa.com. Приступљено 18. 5. 2019.
- ^ Wright, Rita P. (2009), The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society, Cambridge University Press, стр. 115—125, ISBN 978-0-521-57652-9
- ^ Hasenpflug, Rainer, The Inscriptions of the Indus civilisation Norderstedt, Germany, 2006
- ^ Young, Margaret Walsh; Susan L. Stetler (novembar 1987). Cities of the World, 3rd Edition, Vol. 4, Page 439. Gale Research. ISBN 978-0810325425.
- ^ Kochhar, Rajesh (2000), The Vedic People: Their History and Geography, Sangam Books
- ^ Pakistan was created as the Dominion of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 after the end of British rule in, and partition of British India.
- ^ Neelis, Jason (2007), „Passages to India: Śaka and Kuṣāṇa migrations in historical contexts”, Ур.: Srinivasan, Doris, On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World, Routledge, стр. 55—94, ISBN 978-90-04-15451-3 Quote: "Numerous passageways through the northwestern frontiers of the Indian subcontinent in modern Pakistan and Afghanistan served as migration routes to South Asia from the Iranian plateau and the Central Asian steppes. Prehistoric and protohistoric exchanges across the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya ranges demonstrate earlier precedents for routes through the high mountain passes and river valleys in later historical periods. Typological similarities between Northern Neolithic sites in Kashmir and Swat and sites in the Tibetan plateau and northern China show that 'Mountain chains have often integrated rather than isolated peoples.' Ties between the trading post of Shortughai in Badakhshan (northeastern Afghanistan) and the lower Indus valley provide evidence for long-distance commercial networks and 'polymorphous relations' across the Hindu Kush until c. 1800 B.C.' The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) may have functioned as a 'filter' for the introduction of Indo-Iranian languages to the northwestern Indian subcontinent, although routes and chronologies remain hypothetical. (page 55)"
- ^ Marshall, John (2013) [1960], A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, стр. 1—, ISBN 978-1-107-61544-1 Quote: "Here also, in ancient days, was the meeting-place of three great trade-routes, one, from Hindustan and Eastern India, which was to become the `royal highway' described by Megasthenes as running from Pataliputra to the north-west of the Maurya empire; the second from Western Asia through Bactria, Kapisi and Pushkalavati and so across the Indus at Ohind to Taxila; and the third from Kashmir and Central Asia by way of the Srinagar valley and Baramula to Mansehra and so down the Haripur valley. These three trade-routes, which carried the bulk of the traffic passing by land between India and Central and Western Asia, played an all-important part in the history of Taxila. (page 1)"
Literatura уреди
- The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of Pakistan & India in 1901. complete text online
- Jalal, Ayesha ed. The Oxford Companion to Pakistani History (Oxford University Press, 2012) 558 pp. Topical essays by leading scholars online review
- Burki, Shahid Javed. Pakistan: Fifty Years of Nationhood (3rd ed. 1999)
- Jaffrelot, Christophe (2004). A history of Pakistan and its origins. London: Anthem Press. ISBN 978-1-84331-149-2.
- Qureshi, Ishtiaq Husain (1967). A Short history of Pakistan. Karachi: University of Karachi.
- Talbot, Ian. Pakistan: A Modern History (2010) ISBN 0230623042.
- Ziring, Lawrence (1997). Pakistan in the twentieth century : a political history. Karachi; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577816-8.
- Ahmed, Akbar S. (1976). Millennium and charisma among Pathans : a critical essay in social anthropology. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7100-8348-7.
- Allchin, Bridget; Allchin, F. Raymond (1982). The rise of civilization in India and Pakistan. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24244-8.
- Baluch, Muhammad Sardar Khan (1977). History of the Baluch race and Baluchistan. Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab.
- Weiner, Myron; Ali Banuazizi (1994). The Politics of social transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2608-4.
- Bhutto, Benazir (1988). Daughter of the East. London: Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12398-0.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1963). The Ghaznavids; their empire in Afghanistan and eastern Iran, 994 : 1040. Edinburgh: University Press.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1977). The later Ghaznavids: splendour and decay. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04428-8.
- Bryant, Edwin F. (2001). The quest for the origins of Vedic culture : the Indo-Aryan migration debate. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
- Choudhury, G.W. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the major powers: politics of a divided subcontinent (1975), by a Pakistani scholar; Covers 1946 to 1974.
- Dixit, J. N. India-Pakistan in War & Peace (2002). http://www.questia.com/read/107911865/india-pakistan-in-war-peace Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (31. март 2019) online]
- Lyon, Peter. Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia (2008). oonline Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (31. март 2019)
- Pande, Aparna. Explaining Pakistan’s foreign policy: escaping India (Routledge, 2011).
- Sattar, Abdul. Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947-2012: A Concise History (3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2013). online 2nd 2009 edition
- Cohen, Stephen P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. ISBN 978-0-8157-1502-3.
- Davoodi, Schoresch & Sow, Adama (2007): The Political Crisis of Pakistan in 2007 – EPU Research Papers: Issue 08/07, Stadtschlaining
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- Iqbal, Muhammad (1934). The reconstruction of religious thought in Islam. London: Oxford University Press.
- Kahn, Yasmin. The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (2008)
- Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (1998). Ancient cities of the Indus valley civilization. Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577940-0.
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- Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1951). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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- Wheeler, Robert Eric Mortimer (1950). Five thousand years of Pakistan : an archaeological outline. London: C. Johnson.
- Wheeler, Robert Eric Mortimer (1959). Early India and Pakistan: to Ashoka. New York: Praeger.
- Wolpert, Stanley A. (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503412-7.
Spoljašnje veze уреди
- Pakistan Journal of Historical Studies, a peer-reviewed semiannual scholarly journal sponsored by the Khaldunia Centre for Historical Research in Lahore, Pakistan.
- National Fund for Cultural Heritage, Government of Pakistan
- Story of Pakistan
- A look at some of the historic moments that have shaped Pakistan
- Quick History of Pakistan
- Istorija Pakistana на сајту Curlie
- the History of Pakistan (Викиатлас)
