Gruzinsko pismo
Gruzinsko pismo (nepravilno gruzijsko pismo; gruz. ქართული დამწერლობა) se sastoji od 33 simbola. Gruzinski alfabet se koristi u gruzinskom jeziku. Gruzinski alfabet nema velikih i malih slova. Pojedina slova iz gruzinskog alfabeta imaju i brojnu vrednost.
| Gruzinski | |
|---|---|
 damts'erloba pismo u mhedruliju | |
| Tip | alfabet |
| Jezici | Gruzinski (originalno) i drugi kartvelski jezici |
Vremenski period | 430.[1] – sadašnjost |
| Porodica | po uzoru na grčki
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| Pravac | sleva nadesno |
| ISO 15924 | Geor, 240 |
Unikod naziv | Georgian |
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Postoje tri pisma, koje se koriste za pisanje gruzinskog jezika: asomtavruli, nushuri i mhedruli. Njihova slova su ekvivalentna, dele iste nazive i abecedni red, a sva tri su jednodomna (nema razlike između velikih i malih slova). Iako se koriste sva tri oblika, medruli se uzima kao standard za gruzinski jezik i njemu povezane kartvelske jezike.
Izvorno je bilo 38 slova.[2] Gruzinski jezik trenutno ima 33 slova abecede, a pet slova se više ne koriste. Abeceda mingrelskog jezika koristi 36 slova: 33 gruzijska, jedno slovo zastarelo za taj jezik, i dva dodatna slova specifična za mingrelski jezik. Ista slova, plus jedno slovo posuđeno iz grčkog, koristi se u abecedi od 35 slova čanskoga jezika. Četvrti kartvelski jezik, svanski jezik, obično se ne izražava slovima, ali koriste se slova abecede mingrelskog jezika, s dodatnim zastarelim gruzijskim slovom, a ponekad dopunjen dijakritičkim znakovima za svoje brojne samoglasnike.[3]
Gruzinska pisma održavaju nacionalni status kulturnog nasleđa u Gruziji i trenutno je nominirano za uključivanje u popis Uneskove nematerijalne kulturne baštine.[4][5]
| Simbol u gruzijskom jeziku | Izgovor |
|---|---|
| ა | An |
| ბ | Ban |
| გ | Gan |
| დ | Don |
| ე | En |
| ვ | Vin |
| ზ | Zen |
| თ | Tan |
| ი | In |
| კ | Kan |
| ლ | Las |
| მ | Man |
| ნ | Nar |
| ო | On |
| პ | Par |
| ჟ | Žar |
| რ | Rae |
| ს | San |
| ტ | Tar |
| უ | Un |
| ფ | P'ar |
| ქ | Kar |
| ღ | Gan |
| ყ | K(j)ar |
| შ | Šin |
| ჩ | Čin |
| ც | C'an |
| ძ | Jil |
| წ | Cil |
| ჭ | Čar |
| ხ | Ksan |
| ჯ | J'an |
| ჰ | Hae |
Pisma uredi
Asomtavruli uredi
| Asomtavruli slova | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⴀ | Ⴁ | Ⴂ | Ⴃ | Ⴄ | Ⴅ | Ⴆ | Ⴡ | Ⴇ | Ⴈ | Ⴉ | Ⴊ | Ⴋ | Ⴌ |
| Ⴢ | Ⴍ | Ⴎ | Ⴏ | Ⴐ | Ⴑ | Ⴒ | Ⴣ | ႭჃ, Ⴓ | Ⴔ | Ⴕ | Ⴖ | Ⴗ | Ⴘ |
| Ⴙ | Ⴚ | Ⴛ | Ⴜ | Ⴝ | Ⴞ | Ⴤ | Ⴟ | Ⴠ | Ⴥ | ||||
Nushuri uredi
| Nushurska slova | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ⴀ | ⴁ | ⴂ | ⴃ | ⴄ | ⴅ | ⴆ | ⴡ | ⴇ | ⴈ | ⴉ | ⴊ | ⴋ | ⴌ |
| ⴢ | ⴍ | ⴎ | ⴏ | ⴐ | ⴑ | ⴒ | ⴣ | ⴍⴣ, ⴓ | ⴔ | ⴕ | ⴖ | ⴗ | ⴘ |
| ⴙ | ⴚ | ⴛ | ⴜ | ⴝ | ⴞ | ⴤ | ⴟ | ⴠ | ⴥ | ||||
Mhedruli uredi
| Mhedrulska slova | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ა | ბ | გ | დ | ე | ვ | ზ | ჱ | თ | ი | კ | ლ | მ | ნ | |
| ჲ | ო | პ | ჟ | რ | ს | ტ | ჳ | უ | ფ | ქ | ღ | ყ | შ | |
| ჩ | ც | ძ | წ | ჭ | ხ | ჴ | ჯ | ჰ | ჵ | ჶ | ჷ | ჺ | ჸ | ჹ |
Čitanje uredi
| Slovo | Ime | Brojno značenje |
IPA | ISO 9984 | Romanizacija | Ćirilično preslovljavanje |
mhedruli (მხედრული) | nushuri (ⴌⴓⴑⴞⴓⴐⴈ) | asomtavruli (ႠႱႭႫႧႠႥႰႳႪႨ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ა | ანი | 1 | ɑ | A a | A a | A a | 
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| ბ | ბანი | 2 | b | B b | B b | B b | 
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| გ | განი | 3 | g | G g | G g | G g | 
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| დ | დონი | 4 | d | D d | D d | D d | 
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| ე | ენი | 5 | ɛ | E e | E e | Э э, E e | 
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| ვ | ვინი | 6 | v | V v | V v | V v | 
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| ზ | ზენი | 7 | z | Z z | Z z | Z z | 
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| ჱ | ჰე | 8 | ɛj[6] | — | — | — | 
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| თ | თანი[7] | 9 | tʰ | T' t' | T t | Ҭ ҭ | 
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| ი | ინი | 10 | ɪ | I i | I i | I i | 
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| კ | კანი | 20 | k' | K k | K' k' | K k | 
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| ლ | ლასი | 30 | l | L l | L l | L l | 
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| მ | მანი | 40 | m | M m | M m | M m | 
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| ნ | ნარი | 50 | n | N n | N n | N n | 
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| ჲ | ჲე | 60 | j[8] | — | — | Й й | 
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| ო | ონი | 70 | ɔ | O o | O o | O o | 
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| პ | პარი | 80 | p' | P p | P' p' | P p | 
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| ჟ | ჟანი | 90 | ʒ | Ž ž | Zh zh | Ž ž | 
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| რ | რაე | 100 | r | R r | R r | R r | 
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| ს | სანი | 200 | s | S s | S s | S s | 
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| ტ | ტარი | 300 | t' | T t | T' t' | T t | 
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| ჳ | ვიე | 400 | wi[9] | — | — | — | 
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| უ | უნი | — | u | U u | U u | U u | 
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| ფ | ფარი | 500 | pʰ | P' p'[10] | P p | Ҧ ҧ | 
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| ქ | ქანი | 600 | kʰ | K' k'[11] | K k | Қ қ | 
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| ღ | ღანი | 700 | ʁ | Ḡ ḡ [12] | Gh gh | Ҕ ҕ (G' g') | 
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| ყ | ყარი | 800 | q' | Q q[13] | Q' q' | Ҟ ҟ | 
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| შ | შინი | 900 | ʃ | Š š | Sh sh | Š š | 
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| ჩ | ჩინი | 1000 | tʃ | Č' č' | Ch ch | Č č | 
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| ც | ცანი | 2000 | ts | C' c' | Ts ts | C c | 
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| ძ | ძილი | 3000 | dz | J j | Dz dz | Ӡ ӡ | 
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| წ | წილი | 4000 | tsʼ | C c | Ts' ts' | Ҵ ҵ | 
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| ჭ | ჭარი | 5000 | tʃʼ | Č č | Ch' ch' | Ҷ ҷ | 
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| ხ | ხანი | 6000 | χ | X x | Kh kh | H h | 
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| ჴ | ჴარ | 7000 | q[14] | — | — | — | 
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| ჯ | ჯანი | 8000 | dʒ | J̌ ǰ | J j | Dž dž | 
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| ჰ | ჰაე | 9000 | h | H h[15] | H h | Ҳ ҳ | 
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| ჵ | ჰოე | 10000 | hɔɛ [16] | — | — | — | 
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| ჶ | ჶ | - [17] | ? | — | — | — | 
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| ჷ | ჷ | -[18] | ? | — | — | — | 
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| ჸ | ჸ | - [19] | ? | — | — | — | |||
| ჹ | ჹ | - [20] | ? | — | — | — | |||
| ჺ | ჺ | -[20] | ? | — | — | — |
Neki nazivi ispisani gruzinskim alfabetom uredi
| საქართველო |
← Reč «Gruzija» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Sakartvelo»
| სერბეთი |
← Reč «Srbija» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Serbeti»
| ევროპა |
← Reč «Evropa» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Evropa»
| ვიკიპედია |
← Reč «Vikipedija» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Vikipedia»
| ადამიანი |
← Reč «čovek» ispisana gruzijskim alfabetom, a čita se «Adamiani»
Reference uredi
- ^ Oldest found Georgian inscription so far. Exact date of introduction is unclear.
- ^ Machavariani, E. Georgian manuscripts Tbilisi, 2011.
- ^ Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History, Matthias Hüning, Ulrike Vogl, Olivier Moliner, John Benjamins Publishing, 2012, p.299
- ^ „Georgian alphabet granted cultural heritage status”. Agenda.ge. 10. 3. 2015. Arhivirano iz originala 1. 12. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2016.
- ^ „Living culture of three writing systems of the Georgian alphabet”. Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. UNESCO. Arhivirano iz originala 3. 12. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2016.
- ^ Starinsko slovo. Danas se više ne primjenjuje. Mhedruli je rabio samo ჱ.
- ^ T s pridihom, kao u "thir".
- ^ Starinsko slovo. Danas se više ne primjenjuje. Mhedruli je rabio samo ჲ.
- ^ Starinsko slovo. Ne primjenjuje se više. Mhedruli je rabio samo ჳ .
- ^ P s pridihom, kao u "phati".
- ^ K s pridihom, kao u "kha".
- ^ Zvonko g.
- ^ Suglasnik k, za odsutnosti udiha.
- ^ Starinsko slovo. Q̕ar , danas se više ne primjenjuje. Mhedruli je rabio samo ჴ .
- ^ Gluho g.
- ^ Starinsko slovo. Izgovara se kao [oː] , danas se više ne primjenjuje. Mhedruli je rabio samo ჵ .
- ^ Dodatno slovo. Ne primjenjuje se više, izgovaralo se kao "f".
- ^ Dodatno slovo. Izgovara se kao ə . Postojao u hucuriju, danas ga koriste još mingrelski i švanski jezik.
- ^ Dodatno slovo. Danas se više ne primjenjuje, zadržao se u mingerlskom i svanskom jeziku. Predstavljao je grlena stanka [ʔ] .
- ^ a b Dodatno slovo. Danas se više ne primjenjuje.
Literatura uredi
- Allen, William Edward David; Gugushvili, A., ur. (1937). „The Georgian Alphabet”. Georgica: A Journal of Georgian and Caucasian Studies (4–5): 324.
- Aronson, Howard Isaac (1990). Georgian: A Reading Grammar. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89357-207-5.
- Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-51173-6.
- „Georgia”. Chambers's encyclopaedia; a dictionary of universal knowledge. Vol 5. London: W. & R. Chambers. 1901.
- Daniels, Peter T. (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- Enwall, Joakim (2010). „Turkish texts in Georgian script: Sociolinguistic and ethno-linguistic aspects”. Ur.: Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian. Turcology in Mainz. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-06113-1.
- George, Julie A. (2009). The Politics of Ethnic Separatism in Russia and Georgia. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-0-230-10232-3.
- Gillam, Richard (2003). Unicode Demystified: A Practical Programmer's Guide to the Encoding Standard. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 978-0-201-70052-7.
- Greppin, John A.C. (1981). „Some comments on the origin of the Georgian alphabet”. Bazmavep (139): 449—456.*Haarmann, Harald (2012). „Ethnic Conflict and standardisation in the Caucasus”. Ur.: Matthias Hüning; Ulrike Vogl; Olivier Moliner. Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History. John Benjamins Publishing. str. 299. ISBN 978-90-272-0055-6.
- Hewitt, B. G. (1995). Georgian: A Structural Reference Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3802-3.
- Hüning, Matthias; Vogl, Ulrike; Moliner, Olivier (2012). Standard Languages and Multilingualism in European History. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-0055-6.
- Katzner, Kenneth; Miller, Kirk (2002). The Languages of the World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-53288-9.
- Kemertelidze, Nino (1999). „The Origin of Kartuli (Georgian) Writing (Alphabet)”. Ur.: David Cram; Andrew R. Linn; Elke Nowak. History of Linguistics 1996. Volume 1: Traditions in Linguistics Worldwide. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-8382-5.
- Machavariani, E. (2011). Georgian manuscripts. Tbilisi.
- Mchedlidze, T. (2013). The restored Georgian alphabet. Fulda, Germany.
- Nakanishi, Akira (1990). Writing Systems of the World. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-1654-0.
- Paolini, Stefano; Cholokashvili, Nikoloz (1629), Dittionario giorgiano e italiano, Rome: Palazzo di Propaganda Fide
- Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and Eurasian contexts. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-1318-9.
- Rapp, Stephen H. (2006). „Recovering the Pre-National Caucasian Landscape”. Mythical Landscapes then and Now: The Mystification: 13—52.
- Rapp, Stephen H. (2010). „Georgian Christianity”. Ur.: Ken Parry. The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3361-9.
- Rayfield, Donald (2013). The Literature of Georgia: A History. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1163-5.
- Shanidze, Mzekala (2000). „Greek influence in Georgian linguistics”. Ur.: Sylvain Auroux. History of the Language Sciences / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften / Histoire des sciences du language. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019400-5.
- Shanidze, Akaki (2003), ქართული ენა [The Georgian Language] (na jeziku: gruzijski), Tbilisi, ISBN 978-1-4020-1440-6
- Shanidze, Akaki (1973). The Basics of the Georgian language grammar. Tbilisi.
- Thomson, Robert W. (1996). Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles : the Original Georgian Texts and the Armenian Adaptation. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826373-9.
- West, Barbara A. (2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.
- Barnaveli, T. Inscriptions of Ateni Sioni Tbilisi, 1977
- Gamkrelidze, T. Writing system and the old Georgian script Tbilisi, 1989
- Javakhishvili, I. Georgian palaeography Tbilisi, 1949
- Kilanawa, B. Georgian script in the writing systems Tbilisi, 1990
- Khurtsilava, B. The Georgian asomtavruli alphabet and its authors: Bakur and Gri Ormizd, Tbilisi, 2009
- Pataridze, R. Georgian Asomtavruli Tbilisi, 1980
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), „Standard Georgian”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255—264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Gruzinski alfabet, Omniglot
- Gallery of Mkhedruli, Omniglot page on Mkhedruli which shows some stylistic variations mentioned above
- Georgian alphabet animation na sajtu YouTube, produced by the Ministry of Education and Science of Georgia. Gives the sound of each letter, illustrates several fonts, and shows the stroke order of each letter.
- Learn Georgian Alphabet Now app Gives the name, pronunciation of each letter, and example words. Shows the stroke order of each letter. Permits drawing practice and has a quiz to learn the letters.
- Lasha Kintsurashvili and Levan Chaganava, submissions to the 2014 International Exhibition of Calligraphy
- Reference grammar of Georgian by Howard Aronson (SEELRC, Duke University)
- Georgian transliteration + Georgian virtual keyboard
- „Unicode Code Chart (10A0–10FF) for Georgian scripts” (PDF). (105 KB)
- „Transliteration of Georgian” (PDF). (105 KB)