Ernst Mah
Ernst Mah (nem. Ernst Mach; Brno, 18. februar 1838 — Fateršteten, 19. februar 1916) bio je austrijski[1] fizičar i filozof.[2] Po njemu su nazvani: Mahov broj — odnos brzine tela u vazduhu i brzine zvuka, Mahove pruge — vrsta optičke varke i Mah (krater) — krater na Mesecu. Kao filozof nauke, imao je veliki uticaj na logički pozitivizam i američki pragmatizam.[3] Svojom kritikom Njutnovih teorija prostora i vremena, on je nagovestio Ajnštajnovu teoriju relativnosti.[4]
| Ernst Mah | |
|---|---|
 Ernst Mah oko 1900. | |
| Lični podaci | |
| Datum rođenja | 18. februar 1838. |
| Mesto rođenja | Brno, Austrijsko carstvo |
| Datum smrti | 19. februar 1916. (78 god.) |
| Mesto smrti | Fateršteten, Nemačko carstvo |
| Obrazovanje | Univerzitet u Beču |
| Naučni rad | |
| Polje | fizika |
Biografija uredi
Ernst Mah je rođen 18. februara 1838. u Hrlicama, predgrađu Brna, tada Austrougarska, danas Češka Republika. Njegov otac je diplomirao na praškom univerzitetu i Ernst je najranije obrazovanje dobio i okviru svoje porodice. Godine 1855. se upisao na Bečki univerzitet, gde je i doktorirao fiziku 1860. godine. Njegovi rani radovi su bili posvećeni proučavanju Doplerovog efekta. Godine 1867. je preuzeo poziciju šefa katedre za ekperimentalnu fiziku na Karlovom univerzitetu u Pragu, gde je i ostao sledećih 28 godina.[5][6]
Jedan od njegovih značajnijih studenata je bio Andrija Mohorovičić.
Godine 1898. Ernst je preživeo srčani udar, ali se potom povukao iz naučnog života na Bečkom univerzitetu. Godine 1913. se iz Beča preselio u Fateršteten, blizu Minhena, gde je i ostao do svoje smrti 19. februara 1916. godine.
Fizika uredi
Većina Mahovih početnih studija u eksperimentalnoj fizici koncentrisala se na interferenciju, difrakciju, polarizaciju i prelamanje svetlosti u različitim medijima pod spoljnim uticajima. Odatle su usledila istraživanja u mehanici supersonične tečnosti. Mah i fizičar-fotograf Peter Salčer predstavili su svoj rad na ovu temu 1887. godine.[7] Oni korektno opisuju zvučne efekte uočene tokom nadzvučnog kretanja projektila. Oni su zaključili i eksperimentalno potvrdili postojanje udarnog talasa konusnog oblika, sa projektilom na vrhu.[8] Odnos brzine fluida i lokalne brzine zvuka vp/vs sada se zove Mahov broj.[9][10] To je kritičan parametar u opisu kretanja fluida velikom brzinom u aerodinamici i hidrodinamici. Mah je takođe doprineo kosmologiji hipotezom poznatom kao Mahov princip.[11][12]
Bibliografija uredi
- Mach, Ernst (1873). Optisch-akustische Versuche (na jeziku: nemački). Praha: Calve.
- Mach, Ernst (1900). Principien der Wärmelehre (na jeziku: nemački). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.
- Mach, Ernst (1903). Analyse der Empfindungen und das Verhältnis des Physischen zum Psychischen (na jeziku: italijanski). Torino: Fratelli Bocca.
- Mach, Ernst (1904). Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historisch-kritisch dargestellt (na jeziku: francuski). Paris: Librairie scientifique Hermann et C.ie.
- Mach, Ernst (1908). Erkenntnis und Irrtum (na jeziku: francuski). Paris: Flammarion.
Mahov glavna dela na engleskom:
- The Science of Mechanics. Prevod: McCormack, Thomas J. (4th izd.). Chicago: The Open Court Publishing Co. 1919 [1883].
- „Photographische Fixirung der durch Projectile in der Luft eingeleiteten Vorgänge”. Sitzungsber. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. (na jeziku: nemački). 95 (Abt. II): 764—780. 1887. Bibcode:1887AnP...268..277M. doi:10.1002/andp.18872681008. with Peter Slacher
- Williams, C.W., ur. (1897). „The Analysis of Sensations”. Contributions to the Analysis of Sensation (1st izd.). Chicago: Open Court Publishing Company.
- Popular Scientific Lectures (1895); Revised & enlarged 3rd edition (1898)
- „Space and Geometry from the Point of View of Physical Inquiry”. Monist. 14 (1): 1—32. 1903. ISSN 0026-9662. doi:10.5840/monist190314139. with S.J.B. Sugden
- History and Root of the Principle of the Conservation of Energy (1911)
- The Principles of Physical Optics (1926)
- Knowledge and Error (1976)
- Principles of the Theory of Heat (1986)
- Fundamentals of the Theory of Movement Perception (2001)
Reference uredi
- ^ „Ernst Mach”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016. Pristupljeno 6. 1. 2016.
- ^ „Ernst Mach”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Pristupljeno 28. 1. 2021.(jezik: engleski)
- ^ Blackmore 1972.
- ^ Sonnert 2005, str. 221.
- ^ „Ernst Mach Austrian physicist”. Britannica. Pristupljeno 28. 1. 2021.(jezik: engleski)
- ^ „Ernst Mach house”. EPS Historic Sites. Pristupljeno 28. 1. 2021.(jezik: engleski)
- ^ Mach & Salcher 1887, str. 764–780.
- ^ Scott 2003.
- ^ Young, Donald F.; Bruce R. Munson; Theodore H. Okiishi; Wade W. Huebsch (2010). A Brief Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (5 izd.). John Wiley & Sons. str. 95. ISBN 978-0-470-59679-1.
- ^ Graebel, W.P. (2001). Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Taylor & Francis. str. 16. ISBN 978-1-56032-733-2.
- ^ Hans Christian Von Bayer (2001). The Fermi Solution: Essays on Science. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-41707-7., page 79.
- ^ Steven, Weinberg (1972). Gravitation and Cosmology
. USA: Wiley. str. 17. ISBN 978-0-471-92567-5.
Literatura uredi
- Anderson, J. (1998), Mack, Pamela E., ur., „Research in Supersonic Flight and the Breaking of the Sound Barrier”, From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners, NASA
- Barbour, Julian (2001). The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514592-2.
- Baatz, Ursula (1992). „Ernst Mach – The Scientist as a Buddhist”. Ur.: Blackmore, J.T. Ernst Mach — A Deeper Look: Documents and New Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer. str. 183—199. ISBN 978-0-7923-1853-8. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2771-4_9.
- Blackmore, John T. (1972). Ernst Mach. His Life, Work, and Influence . Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520018495. OCLC 534406. OL 4466579M.
- Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2008). „Mach, Ernst (1838-1916)”. The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99721-5.
- Chiesa, Mecca (1994). Radical Behaviorism: The Philosophy and the Science. Authors Cooperative. ISBN 978-0-9623311-4-5.
- Cohen, Robert S.; Seeger, Raymond J. (1975). Ernst Mach: Physicist and Philosopher. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 90-277-0016-8.
- Hawkins, J.E.; Schacht, J. (12. 4. 2005). „Sketches of Otohistory - Part 8:The Emergence of Vestibular Science” (PDF). Audiology and Neurotology. 10 (4): 185—190. PMID 15832015. S2CID 30875633. doi:10.1159/000085076. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 21. 7. 2011. g.
- Heinzmann, Gerhard; Stump, David (10. 10. 2017), „Henri Poincaré”, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Hentschel, Klaus (1985). „On Feyerabend's version of 'Mach's theory of research and its relation to Einstein'”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 16 (4): 387—394. Bibcode:1985SHPSA..16..387H. ISSN 0039-3681. doi:10.1016/0039-3681(85)90019-6.
- Hentschel, Klaus (1988). „Die Korrespondenz Duhem-Mach: Zur 'Modellbeladenheit' von Wissenschaftsgeschichte”. Annals of Science. 45 (1): 73—91. ISSN 0003-3790. doi:10.1080/00033798800200121.
- Lenin, V.I. (1909), Materialism and Empirio-criticism: Critical Comments on a Reactionary Philosophy
- Mehra, Jagdish; Rechenberg, Helmut (2001). The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-95180-5.
- Pais, Abraham (2005). Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press. str. 283. ISBN 978-0-19-280672-7.
- Penrose, Roger (2016). The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe. Random House. ISBN 978-1-4464-1820-8.
- Pojman, Paul (21. 5. 2008). „Ernst Mach”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Pristupljeno 19. 8. 2019.
- Ratliff, Floyd (1965). Mach bands: quantitative studies on neural networks in the retina . Holden-Day.
- Ratliff, Floyd (1975). „On Mach's Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations”. Ur.: Seeger, Raymond J.; Cohen, Robert S. Ernst Mach, Physicist and Philosopher.
- Riegler, Alexander (2011). „Constructivism”. Ur.: Luciano L'Abate. Paradigms in Theory Construction. Springer. str. 235—255. ISBN 978-1-4614-0914-4. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0914-4_13.
- Scott, Jeff (9. 11. 2003). „Ernst Mach and Mach Number”. Aerospaceweb.org. Pristupljeno 24. 10. 2015.
- Sonnert, Gerhard (2005). Einstein and Culture (illustrated izd.). Humanity Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-316-6.
- Steila, Daniela (2013). Nauka i revoljucija. Recepciia empiriokriticizma v russkoi kul'ture (1877-1910 gg.) [Science and revolution. Reception of empiriocriticism in Russian culture] (na jeziku: Croatian). Moscow: Akademicheskii Proekt. hdl:2318/141997.
- Wolters, Gereon (2012). „Mach and Einstein, or Clearing Troubled Waters in the History of Science”. Ur.: Lehner, Christoph; Renn, Jürgen; Schemmel, Matthias. Einstein and the Changing Worldviews of Physics. Boston: Springer – Birkhäuser. ISBN 978-0-8176-4940-1.
- Yourgrau, Palle (2005). A World Without Time: The Forgotten Legacy of Gödel and Einstein. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9387-5.
- Erik C. Banks: Ernst Mach's World Elements. A Study in Natural Philosophy. Dordrecht: Kluwer (now Springer), 2013.
- John Blackmore and Klaus Hentschel (eds.): Ernst Mach als Außenseiter. Vienna: Braumüller, 1985 (with select correspondence).
- Blackmore, J.T.; Itagaki, R.; Tanaka, Satoru, ur. (2001). Ernst Mach's Vienna 1895–1930: Or Phenomenalism as Philosophy of Science. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-7122-9.
- John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka (eds.): Ernst Mach's Science. Kanagawa: Tokai University Press, 2006.
- John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka: Ernst Mach's Influence Spreads. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2009.
- John T. Blackmore, Ryoichi Itagaki and Setsuko Tanaka: Ernst Mach's Graz (1864–1867), where much science and philosophy were developed. Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010.
- John T. Blackmore: Ernst Mach's Prague 1867–1895 as a human adventure, Bethesda: Sentinel Open Press, 2010.
- Everdell, William (1997). The First Moderns. Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought. University of Chicago Press.
- Haller, Rudolf; Stadler, Friedrich, ur. (1988). Ernst Mach – Werk und Wirkung (na jeziku: nemački). Vienna: Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky.
- Hentschel, Klaus (2013). „Ernst Mach”. Ur.: Hessenbruch, Arne. Reader's Guide to the History of Science. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-26301-1 — preko Taylor and Francis.
- Hoffmann, D.; Laitko, H., ur. (1991). Ernst Mach – Studien und Dokumente (na jeziku: nemački). Berlin.
- Kockelmans, Joseph J. (1968). Philosophy of science. The historical background. New York: The Free Press.
- {{Cite book| ref=harv|last= Procházka|first=Jiří|title=Ernst Mach /1838–1916/ Genealogie, 3 vols. Brno, 2007–2010. ISBN 978-80-903476-0-1. (deutsch, teilw. English)
- {{Cite book| ref=harv|last= Procházka|first=Jiří|title=Ernst Mach /1838-1916/ Genealogie" Brno 2OO7. ISBN 80-903476-3-0. (deutsch,teil. English)
- {{Cite book| ref=harv|last= Procházka|first=Jiří|title=Ernst Mach /1838-1916/ Curriculum vitae", Brno-Vienna 2O14. ISBN 978-80-903476-7-0. (deutsch, teilw. English)
- Prosser, V.; Folta, J., ur. (1991), Ernst Mach and the development of Physics – Conference Papers, Prague: Universitas Carolina Pragensis
- Thiele, Joachim (1978), Wissenschaftliche Kommunikation – Die Korrespondenz Ernst Machs (na jeziku: nemački), Kastellaun: Hain (with select correspondence).
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Ernst Mach bibliography of all of his papers and books from 1860 to 1916, compiled by Vienna lecturer Dr. Peter Mahr in 2016
- Various Ernst Mach links, compiled by Greg C Elvers
- Klaus Hentschel: Mach, Ernst, in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 15 (1987), pp. 605–609.
- Ernst Mach na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
- Ernst Mah na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- Ernst Mah na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
- Pojman, Paul. „Ernst Mach”. Ur.: Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Short biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
- Ernst Mach: The Analysis of Sensations (1897) [translation of Beiträge zur Analyse der Empfindungen (1886)]
- Ernst Mah na sajtu MGP (jezik: engleski)
- "The critical positivism of Mach and Avenarius": entry in the Britannica Online Encyclopedia
