Istorija Kine
Istorija Kine prema tradicionalnim kineskim zapisima se proteže do vremena Tri suverena i pet careva pre oko 5000 godina. Zapisana istorija podržana arheološkim dokazima potiče iz 16. veka p. n. e.[1] Kina je jedna od najstarijih kontinualnih civilizacija na svetu. Za kornjačin oklop koji se koristio za proricanje sa oznakama koje podsećaju na drevno kinesko pismo iz dinastije Šang je ustanovljeno da potiču iz vremena oko 1500. p. n. e. Kineska država potiče od gradova-država u dolini Hoanghoa. Godina 221. p. n. e. se često uzima za godinu u kojoj je Kina ujedinjena u veliko kraljevstvo ili carstvo. Te godine Ćin Ši Huang je prvi ujedinio Kinu. Sukcesivne kineske dinastije su razvile birokratski sistem koji je omogućio kineskom caru da kontroliše ogromnu teritoriju.
Konvencionalno gledište na istoriju Kine je da je država prolazile kroz periode političkog jedinstva i nejedinstva, a povremeno su njom dominirali strani narodi, od kojih se većina stopila sa Kinezima. Kulturni i politički uticaji iz mnogih delova Azije, prenošeni sukcesivnim imigracijama, širenjima i kulturnim asimilacija su se spojili u kinesku kulturu.
Praistorijska Kina
urediKina je geografski i klimatski bila pogodno mesto za naseljavanje ljudi koji su se tim područjima počeli naseljavati pre 500.000 godina. Pre toga, u jugoistočnoj Kini, pronađeni su ostaci ranih hominida slični javanskom čoveku. pekinški čovek, podvrsta Homo erectusa, živeo je oko Po Haja, na jugoistoku, ali i u srednjoj i južnoj Kini.[2][3] Homo sapiens se pojavio u paleolitu u području Ordos, na severu i jugozapadu, oko 30.000. p. n. e.[4][5] Kasnije mezolitske kulture cvetale su na severu, jugu i jugozapadu te na Tajvanu.
Neolitske poljoprivredne zajednice, neposredni preci kineske kulture, javile su se oko 7500. p. n. e. u južnoj Kini i u brdskim krajevima prekrivenima prašumom, gde je tlo rečnih terasa s dobrim odvodnjavanjem bilo idealno za ranu poljoprivredu. Jedno od najranijih nalazišta je Pan-po, s okruglim i pravouglim kućama, lončarskim pećima i grobljima. U dolini Žute reke postojao je uzgoj svinja, a rana poljoprivreda zavisila je od prosa, dok u delti reke Jangce postoje dokazi o rižištima koja su postojala već u 5. mileniju pne.
Rana istorija Kine, kojoj nedostaju pisani spomenici, je opisana u kasnijim dokumentima iz dinastije Šang mnogo vekova kasnije. Kako su Kinezi pokušali introspektivno da pišu o minulim vekovima, često su mešali mitove sa činjenicama. U 6. milenijumu pne javila se Đahu kultura, a u Damajdi u Ningsji oblasti pronađeno je 3.172 neolitskih gravira na kamenu koje predstavljaju 8.453 znakova kao što su: sunce, mesec, zvezde, bogovi i scene lova. Ovi piktogrami se smatraju veoma sličnim najranijim znakovima kineskog pisma.[6][7] Do 3000. p. n. e. razvile su se profinjene veštine, kao što je rezbarenje žada, a umesto sela pojavljuju se male opštine.
Prva značajnija neolitska kultura u Kini je kultura Jangšao (), koja se razvila u srednjem toku Žute reke, u današnjem Henanu, odnosno južnim delovima provincija Šansi; njeni pripadnici su uzgajali proso, pšenicu i rižu, isto kao i svinje, koze i goveda, iako je glavni izvor hrane još uvek bio lov i ribolov. Iz te kulture, koja je trajala od oko 5000. p. n. e. do oko 2500. p. n. e. datira i prva kineska keramika. Ljudski ostaci iz tog perioda sugerišu da se njeni nosioci nisu previše razlikovali od današnjih Kineza.
Kulturu Jangšao je zamenila Kultura Lungšan (2500. p. n. e. – 1800. p. n. e) nazvana je po prepoznatljivoj crnoj lončariji, a karakterišu je naselja s odbrambenim zidovima, prvo pripitomljavanje konja te nova, naprednija tehnologija, kao npr. lončarsko kolo.
Vidi još
urediReference
uredi- ^ Cleere, Henry (8. 11. 1990). Archaeological Heritage Management in the Modern World. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-21448-3.
- ^ Zhu, Rixiang; An, Zhisheng; Pott, Richard; Kenneth A. Hoffman (jun 2003). „Magnetostratigraphic dating of early humans of in China” (PDF). Earth-Science Reviews. 61 (3–4): 191—361. Bibcode:2003ESRv...61..341Z. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00132-0. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 24. 7. 2011. g.
- ^ „Earliest Presence of Humans in Northeast Asia”. Smithsonian Institution. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 8. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 4. 8. 2007.
- ^ „Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early'”. BBC News. Pristupljeno 14. 10. 2015.
- ^ Hu, Yue; Marwick, Ben; Zhang, Jia-Fu; Rui, Xue; Hou, Ya-Mei; Yue, Jian-Ping; Chen, Wen-Rong; Huang, Wei-Wen; Li, Bo (19. 11. 2018). „Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in southwest China”. Nature. 565 (7737): 82—85. Bibcode:2019Natur.565...82H. PMID 30455423. S2CID 53873016. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0710-1.
- ^ „news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6669569.stm”. 18. 5. 2007. Pristupljeno 6. 7. 2007.
- ^ „Gravire koje će prepraviti povijest kineskih znakova”. Xinhua online. 18. 5. 2007. Pristupljeno 19. 5. 2007.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- „Tajne carske Kine („Večernje novosti“, feljton, septembar 2013)”. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 09. 2013. g.
- Ulrich Theobald, „China Knowledge (2016)”. Архивирано из оригинала 29. 11. 2012. г. Online encyclopaedia of traditional China, including literature, philosophy, art, and other themes.
- China Rediscovers its Own History, a 100-minute lecture on Chinese history given by Yu Ying-shih, Emeritus Professor of East Asian Studies and History at Princeton University.
- China from the Inside, a 2006 PBS documentary.
- History of China: Table of Contents by the Chaos Group at the University of Maryland.
- "Records of the Maritime Customs Service of China, 1854–1949" from GALE
- "Missionary, Sinology, and Literary Periodicals, 1817–1949" from GALE