Kineski građanski rat

Kineski građanski rat je bio građanski rat između Kuomintanga (Kineske nacionalističke partije) i Komunističke partije Kine, koji je trajao od aprila 1927. do maja 1950. Rat je izbio 1927. nakon Severne ekspedicije i posledica je ideološkog razlaza između nacionalista koje je podržavao Zapad i komunista koje je podržavao Sovjetski Savez.

Kineski građanski rat
Odozgo u smeru kazaljke časovnika: Komunističke snage u bici kod Spiniga, muslimanski vojnici NRA, Mao Cedung 1930-ih, Čang Kaj Šek vrši inspekciju vojnika, general KP Kine Su Ju durbinom proučava polje fronta pre početka ofanzive Menglijangu.
Vreme 1. avgust 1927. – 22. decembar 1936.      (9 godina, 4 meseca i 3 sedmice) 31. mart 1946. – 7. avgust 1950.      (4 godine, 4 meseca i 1 sedmica) (Kuomintanška islamska pobuna protiv uprave Narodne Republike Kine nastavila se u provincijama Gansu, Ćinghaj, Ningsja, Sinkjang, Junan do 1958) Mesto Kina Ishod Pobeda komunista Komunisti preuzeli vlast nad kopnenim delom Kine Na kopnu proglašena Narodna Republika Kina Vlada Republike Kine se povukla na ostrvo Tajvan Kraj ratnog stanja, ali nije potpisano primirje ni mirovni sporazum
Sukobljene strane
Republika Kina • Kuomintang • Nacionalna revolucionarna armija • Gospodari rata	Komunistička partija Kine • Narodnooslobodilačka armija
Komandanti i vođe
Čang Kaj Šek Baj Čongši Čen Čeng Li Congčen Jan Šišan He Jingćin	Mao Cedung Džu De Peng Dehuaj Lin Bjao Lju Bočeng Džou Enlaj
Jačina
4.300.000 (jul 1945) 1.490.000 (jun 1949)	1.200.000 (jul 1945) 4.000.000 (jun 1949)
Žrtve i gubici
oko 1,5 miliona poginulih (1945—1949)	oko 250.000 poginulih (1945—1949)

Građanski rat se vodio neprekidno sve do izbijanja Drugog kinesko-japanskog rata, što je rezultovalo organizovanim i privremenim kineskim otporom japanskoj invaziji. Japanski napad i okupacija su bili uspešni zbog kineskih unutrašnjih previranja. Japan je poražen sa krajem Drugog svetskog rata 1945, a građanski rat se nastavio punom žestinom 1946. Neprijateljstva su se okončala 1950. nakon 23 godine sa nezvaničnim prekidom većih neprijateljstava. Komunisti su kontrolisali kontinentalni deo Kine i ostrvo Hajnan, dok se Kuomintang povukao na Tajvan. Do današnjih dana zvanično primirje nije potpisano, iako dve strane imaju čvrste ekonomske veze.

Zaleđina

Nakon sloma dinastije Ćing i Revolucije 1911, Sun Jat-sen je preuzeo predsedavanje novoformiranom Republikom Kinom, a ubrzo nakon toga nasledio ga je Juan Šikaj. Juan je bio frustriran u kratkotrajnom pokušaju da obnovi monarhiju u Kini, a Kina je pala u borbu za vlast nakon njegove smrti 1916.

Kuomintang (KMT), predvođen Sun Jat-senom, stvorio je novu vladu u Guangdžou kako bi se suprotstavio ratnim vojskovođama koji su vladali velikim delovima Kine i sprečavali formiranje čvrste centralne vlade. Nakon što su Sunovi napori da dobije pomoć od zapadnih zemalja ignorisani, on se obratio Sovjetskom Savezu. Godine 1923, Sun i sovjetski predstavnik Adolf Jofe u Šangaju obećali su sovjetsku pomoć ujedinjenju Kine u Sun-Jofeovom manifestu, deklaraciji o saradnji. Agent Kominterne Mihail Borodin stigao je 1923. da pomogne u reorganizaciji i konsolidaciji po uzoru na Komunističku partiju Sovjetskog Saveza. KPK, koja je u početku bila studijska grupa, i KMT su zajedno formirali Prvi ujedinjeni front.

Literatura

• Hsiung, James C. (1992). China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937–1945. New York: M. E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN 1-56324-246-X. 
• Li, Xiaobing (2007-06-01). A History of the Modern Chinese Army (na jeziku: engleski). University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-7224-8. 
• Westad, Odd (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950. Stanford University Press. str. 305. ISBN 978-0-8047-4484-3. 
• China at War: An Encyclopedia. 2012. str. 295. 
• Gui, Heng Bin (2008). Landing on Hainan Island. China: Great Wall Press. ISBN 9787548300755. 
• Hsiung, James C. (1992). China's Bitter Victory: The War With Japan, 1937-1945. New York: M.E. Sharpe publishing. ISBN 978-1-56324-246-5. 
• Lynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945-49. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1841766713. 
• Cheng, Victor Shiu Chiang. "Imagining China's Madrid in Manchuria: The Communist Military Strategy at the Onset of the Chinese Civil War, 1945–1946." Modern China 31.1 (2005): 72–114.
• Chi, Hsi-sheng. Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–45 (U of Michigan Press, 1982).
• Dreyer, Edward L. China at War 1901–1949 (Routledge, 2014).
• Dupuy, Trevor N. The Military History of the Chinese Civil War (Franklin Watts, Inc., 1969).
• Eastman, Lloyd E. "Who lost China? Chiang Kai-shek testifies." China Quarterly 88 (1981): 658–668.
• Eastman, Lloyd E., The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949 (Cambridge UP, 1991).
• Fenby, Jonathan. Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost (2003).
• Ferlanti, Federica. "The New Life Movement at War: Wartime Mobilisation and State Control in Chongqing and Chengdu, 1938—1942" European Journal of East Asian Studies 11#2 (2012), pp. 187–212 online how Nationalist forces mobilized society
• Jian, Chen. "The Myth of America's “Lost Chance” in China: A Chinese Perspective in Light of New Evidence." Diplomatic History 21.1 (1997): 77–86.
• Lary, Diana. China's Civil War: A Social History, 1945–1949 (Cambridge UP, 2015). excerpt
• Levine, Steven I. "A new look at American mediation in the Chinese civil war: the Marshall mission and Manchuria." Diplomatic History 3.4 (1979): 349–376.
• Lew, Christopher R. The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership (Routledge, 2009).
• Li, Xiaobing. China at War: An Encyclopedia (ABC-CLIO, 2012).
• Lynch, Michael. The Chinese Civil War 1945–49 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014).
• Mitter, Rana. "Research Note Changed by War: The Changing Historiography Of Wartime China and New Interpretations Of Modern Chinese History." Chinese Historical Review 17.1 (2010): 85–95.
• Nasca, David S. Western Influence on the Chinese National Revolutionary Army from 1925 to 1937. (Marine Corps Command And Staff Coll Quantico Va, 2013). online Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (4. februar 2021)
• Pepper, Suzanne. Civil war in China: the political struggle 1945–1949 (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
• Reilly, Major Thomas P. Mao Tse-Tung And Operational Art During The Chinese Civil War (Pickle Partners Publishing, 2015) online Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (8. mart 2021).
• Shen, Zhihua, and Yafeng Xia. Mao and the Sino–Soviet Partnership, 1945–1959: A New History. (Lexington Books, 2015).
• Tanner, Harold M. (2015), Where Chiang Kai-shek Lost China: The Liao-Shen Campaign, 1948, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press , advanced military history. excerpt
• Taylor, Jeremy E., and Grace C. Huang. "'Deep changes in interpretive currents'? Chiang Kai-shek studies in the post-cold war era." International Journal of Asian Studies 9.1 (2012): 99–121.
• Taylor, Jay. The Generalissimo (Harvard University Press, 2009). biography of Chiang Kai-shek
• van de Ven, Hans (2017). China at War: Triumph and Tragedy in the Emergence of the New China, 1937-1952. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674983502. .
• Westad, Odd Arne (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804744843. 
• Yick, Joseph K.S. Making Urban Revolution in China: The CCP-GMD Struggle for Beiping-Tianjin, 1945–49 (Routledge, 2015).
• Hinton, William (1966). Fanshen; a documentary of revolution in a Chinese village. New York: Vintage Books. Pristupljeno 5. 11. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Chen, Hansheng (1933). The Present Agrarian Problem in China. Shanghai: China Institute of Pacific Relations. 
• Chen, Hansheng (1936). Agrarian Problems in Southernmost China. Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, Ltd. 
• Buck, John Lossing (1980). Three Essays on Chinese Farm Economy. New York City: Garland Publishing. str. 1. 
• Chiang, Kai-shek (Madame) (1978). Conversations with Mikhail Borodin (na jeziku: engleski). London: Free Chinese Centre. 
• Chow, Tse-tsung (2009). „Chen Duxiu”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Arhivirano iz originala 8. 3. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2011. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• DeMare, Brian James (2019). Land Wars: The Story of China's Agrarian Revolution. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-0952-5. 
• Hu, Qingyun (1994). 中国无政府主义思想史 [History of Anarchist Thought in China] (na jeziku: Chinese) (1 izd.). Beijing: National Defense University Press. ISBN 7-5626-0498-3. Pristupljeno 4. 8. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)CS1 održavanje: Neprepoznat jezik (veza)
• Jordan, Donald A. (1976). The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926-1928 (na jeziku: engleski). Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 9780824803520. 
• Jowett, Philip S. (2014). The Armies of Warlord China 1911–1928. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 9780764343452. 
• Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978071399944-0. 
• Smith, Stephen Anthony (2000). A Road Is Made: Communism in Shanghai, 1920-1927. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824823146. 
• Tolley, Kemp (2000). Yangtze Patrol: The U.S. Navy in China. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-883-6. 
• van de Ven, Johan (1991). From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920–1927. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520910874. 
• Wilbur, C. Martin (1983). The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923-1928. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521318648. 
• Worthing, Peter (2016). General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107144637. 
• Xiang, Ah (1998). „The Zhongshan Warship Incident” (PDF). Tragedy of Chinese Revolution. 
• Xu, Shanguang; Liu, Jianping (1989). 中国无政府主义史 [History of Anarchism in China] (na jeziku: Chinese) (1 izd.). Wuhan: Hubei People's Press. ISBN 7-216-00337-3. CS1 održavanje: Neprepoznat jezik (veza)
• Liu, Shoulin; Wan, Renyuan; Wang, Yuwen; Kong, Qingtai, ur. (1995). Chronology of Officials in the Republic of China. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. 
• Chen, Bui (1978). Chronology of Mr. Chiang Kai-shek. Taipei: Biographical Literature Publishing House. 
• Radtke, Kurt Werner; Liao, Chengzhi (1990). China's Relations With Japan 1945-83: The Role of Liao Chengzhi. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2795-6. Pristupljeno 4. 1. 2013. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Tamura, Eileen (1998). China: Understanding Its Past. 
• Nolan, Cathal J. (2002). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32383-6. 
• Hunt, Michael H. (2015). The World Transformed: 1945 to the present (Second izd.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-937102-0. 
• Carroll, John Mark (2007). A concise history of Hong Kong. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-3422-3. 
• Cohn, George Childs, ur. (2007). „Chinese Civil War of 1945–49”. Dictionary of Wars (Third izd.). ‎Checkmark Books. 
• Galbiati, Fernando (1985). Peng Pai and the Hai-Lu-Feng Soviet. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1219-0. 
• Ip, Hung-Yok (2009). 'Intellectuals in Revolutionary China, 1921-1949:' Leaders, Heroes and Sophisticates. Florence KY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-54656-0. 
• Verbyla, Bernice A (2010). Aunt Mae's China. Xulon Press. ISBN 978-1-60957-456-7. Pristupljeno 28. 6. 2010. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• 奎松, 楊 (april 2010). 中間地帶的革命. Taiyuan: 山西人民出版社. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Forster, Elisabeth (19. 3. 2018). 1919 – The Year That Changed China. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-056071-8. doi:10.1515/9783110560718. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Hunt, Michael (2013). The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present (First izd.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780312245832. 
• Li, Lillian M. (2007). Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s (PDF). Stanford: Stanford University Press. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2021-12-27. g. 
• Roberts, John Peter (2016-01-21). China: From Permanent Revolution to Counter-Revolution (na jeziku: engleski). Wellred. ISBN 9781900007634. 
• Green, Leslie C. (1993). The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict. 
• Gibson, Richard Michael (2011). The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle. Contributor Wen H. Chen (illustrated izd.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470830215. 
• Allatson, Paul; McCormack, Jo, ur. (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Critical Studies. 30 of Critical studies (illustrated izd.). Rodopi. ISBN 978-9042024069. ISSN 0923-411X. 
• Goodman, David S. G., ur. (2004a). China's Campaign to 'Open Up the West': National, Provincial and Local Perspectives. 178 of China Quarterly: an international journal for the study of China (illustrated izd.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521613493. 
• Perry, Elizabeth J. (2018). „Is the Chinese communist regime legitimate?”. Ur.: Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael. The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Pristupljeno 17. 2. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Yang, Benjamin; Saich, Tony (2016). The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-56324-154-3. 
• Jessup, John E. (1989). A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-24308-5. 
• Lynch, Michael (2010). The Chinese Civil War 1945–49. Osprey Publishing. str. 91. ISBN 978-1-84176-671-3. Arhivirano iz originala 2016-01-02. g. Pristupljeno 2015-11-15. 
• Alexander, Bevin (1992). The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972. Greenwood Press. 
• Bianco, Lucien (1971), Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press  Chapter 1, pages 1-26 (Archive). -- hosted at CÉRIUM (Centre d’études et de recherches internationales) at the Université de Montréal
• Carter, Peter (1976). Mao. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192731401. 
• Cheek, Timothy; Mühlhahn, Klaus; Van de Ven, Hans J., ur. (2021). Chinese Communist Party : A Century in Ten Lives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108904186. doi:10.1017/9781108904186. 
• Hayford, Charles (2009), „The May Fourth Movement”, Ur.: Pong, David, Encyclopedia of Modern China, II, Detroit: Scribner's, str. 565—69 
• Lew, Christopher R. (2009). The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945–1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. The USA and Canada: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-77730-5. 
• Lohbeck, Don (1956). Patrick J. Hurley. Chicaho: Henry Regnery Company. 
• „Comintern”. The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th izd.). 2001. Arhivirano iz originala 12. 10. 2004. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Gao, James (2009). Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0810863088. 
• Garver, John W. (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195363744. 
• Johnson, Chalmers A. (1962). Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1937-1945 (PDF). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Leung, Edward Pak-wah, ur. (2002), Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War, United States of America: Scarecrow Press, ISBN 0-8108-4435-4 .
• Leung, Edward Pak-wah, ur. (1992), Historical Dictionary Revolutionary China, 1839-1976, Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-26457-0 .
• Pepper, Suzanne (1999). Civil War in China: The Political Struggle 1945-1949. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 
• Schram, Stuart (1966). Mao Tse-Tung. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0140208405. 
• Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). The Search for Modern China. W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. 
• Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674033382. 
• Thomas, S. Bernard (1983). Labor and the Chinese Revolution, 1928-1948. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. 
• Westad, Odd (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4484-3. Pristupljeno 2019-03-08. 
• Franke, Wolfgang, A Century of Chinese Revolution, 1851–1949 (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1970).
• Wortzel, Larry M. (1999), Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 9780313293375 .
• Perry, Elizabeth (1980). Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945. Stanford University Press. 
• Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia (PDF). Denver, Colorado: ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-1-59884--416-0. Pristupljeno 1. 3. 2022. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

Spoljašnje veze

• Summary of Chinese Civil War 1946–1949
• Chinese Civil War 1945–1950
• "Armored Car Like Oil Tanker Used by Chinese" Popular Mechanics, March 1930 article and photo of armoured train of Chinese Civil War
• Topographic maps of China Series L500, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954–
• Operational Art in the Chinese PLA’s Huai Hai Campaign
• Postal Stamps of the Chinese Post-Civil War Era