Kopnene zveri

Kopnene zveri ; Vremenski raspon: 66.0–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani paleocen do danas
	razni predstavnici podreda Fissipedia
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Red:	Carnivora
Podred:	Fissipedia; Blumenbach, 1791
Natporodice
	Canoidea; Felioidea; †Miacoidea;
Sinonimi
	Fissipeda (Blumenbach, 1791); Fissipedina (Pearse, 1936);

Kopnene zveri (lat. Fissipedia, [Fisipedija] — „razdvojena stopala”) je nevažeći kladus i podred zveri koji se više ne koristi u naučnoj klasifikaciji. Ovaj podred je obuhvatao sve vrste zveri koje žive na kopnu.^[3] Stručni naziv za članove ovog podreda sisara je fisipedi.

Etimologija naziva uredi

Podred:	Poreklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Fissipedia	latinske reči fisus (lat. fissus), što znači razdojen ili rascepljen i latinske reči pedes (lat. pedes), što znači stopala	razdvojena stopala

Sistematika uredi

Istorija klasifikacije uredi

Status ovog podreda je nevažeći, jer se istraživanjima utvrdilo da perajari nije zasebna grupa zveri,^[4] već da se radi o podgrupi psoliki zveri.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10] Takođe su i filogenetske veze drugi grupa zveri proučene u tim istraživanjima i kasni ispravljene.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]

Klasifikacija uredi

Klasifikacija podreda Fissipedia:

Podred: Fissipedia (Blumenbach, 1791) (kopnene zveri) Natporodica: Canoidea (Waldheim, 1817) (psolike zveri) Porodica: Canidae (Waldheim, 1817) [grupa koja uključuje pse i medvedolike pse] Porodica: Mustelidae (Waldheim, 1817) [grupa koja uključuje kune i američke tvorove] Porodica: Procyonidae (Gray, 1825) [grupa koja uključuje rakune i crvenu pandu] Porodica: Ursidae (Waldheim, 1817) (medvedi) Natporodica: Feloidea (Waldheim, 1817) (mačkolike zveri) Porodica: Felidae (Waldheim, 1817) [grupa koja uključuje mačke, lažne sabljozube mačke i rod Hyainailouros] Porodica: Hyaenidae (Grey, 1821) (hijene) Porodica: Viverridae (Grey, 1821) [grupa koja uključuje cibetke, mungose, azijske linsange i afričku palminu cibetku] Natporodica: †Miacoidea (Cope, 1880) (prazveri) Porodica: †Miacidae (Cope, 1880) [grupa koja uključuje predstavnike porodica Miacidae i Viverravidae] † - oznaka za izumrli takson

Filogenija uredi

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze podreda Fissipedia.

Carnivora

†Creodonta

Pinnipedia

Fissipedia

Felioidea

	Felidae

	Hyaenidae

Viverridae

†Miacoidea

†Miacidae

Canoidea

	Canidae

	Procyonidae

	Mustelidae

	Ursidae

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

^ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1791.) "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Vierte auflage." Göttingen, Johann Christian Dieterich, xii+704+[33] pp., 3 pls.
^ Arthur Sperry Pearse (1936.) Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association for the Advancement of Science
^ Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). „The principles of classification and a classification of mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 350. hdl:2246/1104.
^ Arnason, U.; Gullberg, A.; Janke, A.; Kullberg, M. (2007). „Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 863—74. PMID 17919938. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.019.
^ Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). „Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds” (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57—67.
^ Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). „Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28—52. PMID 7877495. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189.
^ Ledje, C.; Arnason, U. (1996). „Phylogenetic analyses of complete cytochromeb genes of the order Carnivora with particular emphasis on the Caniformia”. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 42 (2): 135—144. PMID 8919865. doi:10.1007/BF02198839.
^ Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). „Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships”. Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317—37. PMID 16012099. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.
^ Sato, J. J.; Wolsan, M.; Suzuki, H.; Hosoda, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Minami, S. (2006). „Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea”. Zoological Science. 23 (2): 125—46. PMID 16603806. doi:10.2108/zsj.23.125. hdl:2115/13508.
^ Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). „Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. PMC 2245807  . PMID 17996107. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-216.
^ Gaubert, P. and Veron, G. (2003). „Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia” (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B, 270 (1532): 2523—2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521.
^ Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora
^ Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
^ Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?
^ Salesa, M.; M. Antón; S. Peigné; J. Morales (2006). „Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379—382. PMC 1326154  . PMID 16387860. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102.
^ Yu, Li; Li, Yi-Wei; Ryder, Oliver A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007). „Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (198): 198. PMC 2151078  . PMID 17956639. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198.
^ Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008). „Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (220): 220. PMC 2518930  . PMID 18662376. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.
^ Koepfli KP; Deere KA, Slater GJ; et al. (2008). „Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. BMC Biol. 6: 4—5. PMC 2276185  . PMID 18275614. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.
^ Gaubert, P. (2009). „Family Prionodontidae (Linsangs)”. Ur.: Wilson, D.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. str. 170—173. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.
^ Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K. P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). „Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49—63. PMID 20138220. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033.
^ Mehta, R. S.; Slater, G. J.; Law, C. J. (2018). „Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods”. Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127—144. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28472434. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047.

Literatura uredi

E. D. Cope (1889.) "Synopsis of the families of Vertebrata." The American Naturalist 23:1-29
W. H. Flower and R. Lydekker (1891.) "An Introduction to the Study of Mammals, Living and Extinct" 1-763
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
L. M. Lambe (1908.) "The Vertebrata of the Oligocene of the Cypress Hills, Saskatchewan." Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3(4):1-65
W. K. Gregory (1910.) "The orders of mammals." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 27:1-524
R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
Björn Kurtén; E. Anderson (1980). Pleistocene Mammals of North America. New York: Columbia University Press. str. 236–237. ISBN 0-231-03733-3.
O. Vidal (1991.) "Catalog of osteological collections of aquatic mammals from Mexico." NOAA Technical Reports NMFS 97:1-36
V. J. Sach and E. P. J. Heizmann (2001.) "Stratigraphy and mammal faunas of the Brackwassermolasse in the surroundings of Ulm (Southwest Germany)." Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 310:1-95

[1] Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1791.) "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. Vierte auflage." Göttingen, Johann Christian Dieterich, xii+704+[33] pp., 3 pls.

[2] Arthur Sperry Pearse (1936.) Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association for the Advancement of Science

[simpson1945-3] Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). „The principles of classification and a classification of mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 350. hdl:2246/1104.

[4] Arnason, U.; Gullberg, A.; Janke, A.; Kullberg, M. (2007). „Mitogenomic analyses of caniform relationships”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 863—74. PMID 17919938. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.06.019.

[5] Hunt, R. M. Jr.; Barnes, L. G. (1994). „Basicranial evidence for ursid affinity of the oldest pinnipeds” (PDF). Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 29: 57—67.

[6] Lento, G. M.; Hickson, R. E.; Chambers, G. K.; Penny, D. (1995). „Use of spectral analysis to test hypotheses on the origin of pinnipeds”. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 12 (1): 28—52. PMID 7877495. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040189.

[7] Ledje, C.; Arnason, U. (1996). „Phylogenetic analyses of complete cytochromeb genes of the order Carnivora with particular emphasis on the Caniformia”. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 42 (2): 135—144. PMID 8919865. doi:10.1007/BF02198839.

[8] Flynn, J. J.; Finarelli, J. A.; Zehr, S.; Hsu, J.; Nedbal, M. A. (2005). „Molecular phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships”. Systematic Biology. 54 (2): 317—37. PMID 16012099. doi:10.1080/10635150590923326.

[9] Sato, J. J.; Wolsan, M.; Suzuki, H.; Hosoda, T.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Hiyama, K.; Kobayashi, M.; Minami, S. (2006). „Evidence from nuclear DNA sequences sheds light on the phylogenetic relationships of Pinnipedia: Single origin with affinity to Musteloidea”. Zoological Science. 23 (2): 125—46. PMID 16603806. doi:10.2108/zsj.23.125. hdl:2115/13508.

[Higdon_2007-10] Higdon, J. W.; Bininda-Emonds, O. R.; Beck, R. M.; Ferguson, S. H. (2007). „Phylogeny and divergence of the pinnipeds (Carnivora: Mammalia) assessed using a multigene dataset”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7: 216. PMC 2245807  . PMID 17996107. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-216.

[rspb2003-11] Gaubert, P. and Veron, G. (2003). „Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia” (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B, 270 (1532): 2523—2530. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2521.

[Yoder_&_Flynn_2003-12] Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora

[Yoder_et_al-13] Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature

[Gaubert_et_al_2005-14] Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?

[Salesa-15] Salesa, M.; M. Antón; S. Peigné; J. Morales (2006). „Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379—382. PMC 1326154  . PMID 16387860. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102.

[Yu2007-16] Yu, Li; Li, Yi-Wei; Ryder, Oliver A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007). „Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (198): 198. PMC 2151078  . PMID 17956639. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198.

[krause2008-17] Krause, J.; Unger, T.; Noçon, A.; Malaspinas, A.; Kolokotronis, S.; Stiller, M.; Soibelzon, L.; Spriggs, H.; Dear, P. H.; Briggs, A. W.; Bray, S. C. E.; O'Brien, S. J.; Rabeder, G.; Matheus, P.; Cooper, A.; Slatkin, M.; Pääbo, S.; Hofreiter, M. (2008). „Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary”. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (220): 220. PMC 2518930  . PMID 18662376. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-220.

[18] Koepfli KP; Deere KA, Slater GJ; et al. (2008). „Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation”. BMC Biol. 6: 4—5. PMC 2276185  . PMID 18275614. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-10.

[HMW2009linsangs-19] Gaubert, P. (2009). „Family Prionodontidae (Linsangs)”. Ur.: Wilson, D.E.; Mittermeier, R.A. Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1. Barcelona: Lynx Ediciones. str. 170—173. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1.

[MPE-20] Eizirik, E.; Murphy, W. J.; Koepfli, K. P.; Johnson, W. E.; Dragoo, J. W.; Wayne, R. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (2010). „Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences”. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 56 (1): 49—63. PMID 20138220. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033.

[Mehta2018-21] Mehta, R. S.; Slater, G. J.; Law, C. J. (2018). „Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods”. Systematic Biology. 67 (1): 127—144. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 28472434. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syx047.

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