Muzički instrument

Muzički istrumenti su sprave na kojima se izvode muzička dela. Oni koji se danas upotrebljavaju u umetničkoj muzici dele se na tri glavne grupe: žičane, duvačke i udaračke (udaraljke). Žičani, prema načinu proizvođenja tona, dele se na: gudačke (violina, viola, violončelo, kontrabas) i okidačke (harfa, klavsen, gitara, mandolina, lauta i dr). Duvački se dele na: drvene (pikolo, flauta, klarinet, oboa, fagot i dr.) i limene (horna, truba, trombon, tuba i dr).

An Valajer-Koster, Atributi muzike, 1770. Ova slika mrtve prirode prikazuje razne francuske barokne muzičke instrumente, kao što su prirodni rog, poprečna flauta, muzeta, viola, i lauta.

Orkestrion

Udarački mogu biti određene visine zvuka (timpan, ksilofon, metalofon, zvoničići, zvona i dr.) ili neodređene visine zvuka (veliki bubanj, doboš, činele, tam-tam, gong i dr.) Specijalnim kombinovanim vrstama pripadaju klavir, orgulje, čembalo, harmonijum i dr. Mehanički instrumenti reprodukuju muzičko delo bez neposrednog učešća umetnika-izvođača; obično su to sprave koje se stavljaju u pokret bilo mehaničkim putem, bilo električnim pogonom (vergl, piavola, muzička kutija, gramofon, orkestrion i dr).

Definicija i osnovne operacije

Muzički instrument proizvodi zvukove. Kada su ljudi prešli sa stvaranja zvukova svojim telima - na primer pljeskanjem - na korištenje predmeta za stvaranje muzike od zvukova, nastali su muzički instrumenti. Primitivni instrumenti su verovatno dizajnirani da emuliraju prirodne zvukove, a njihova svrha je više ritual nego zabava. Koncept melodije i umetnička potraga za muzičkom kompozicijom bili su nepoznati ranim sviračima muzičkih instrumenata. Svirač koji proizvodi zvuk flautom da bi označio početak lova, čini to bez razmišljanja o modernom pojmu „pravljenja muzike”.

Arheologija

Istraživači su otkrili arheološke dokaze o muzičkim instrumentima u mnogim delovima sveta. Neki nalazi su stari 67.000 godina, ali njihov status kao muzičkih instrumenata često je u sporan. Konsenzus se učvršćuje oko artefakata starih oko 37.000 godina i kasnije. Samo artefakti napravljeni od trajnih materijala ili upotrebom trajnih metoda imaju tendenciju da prežive. Stoga se pronađeni uzorci se ne mogu nepobitno smatratio najranijim muzičkim instrumentima.

Vidi još

• Spisak muzičkih instrumenata
• Podela muzičkih instrumenata

Literatura

• Baines, Anthony (1993). Brass Instruments: Their History and Development. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-27574-1. 
• Bicknell, Stephen (1999). The History of the English Organ. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65409-8. 
• Blades, James (1992). Percussion Instruments and Their History. Bold Strummer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-933224-61-2. 
• Brown, Howard Mayer (2008), Sachs, Curt, Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Pristupljeno 5. 6. 2008 
• Campbell, Murray; Greated, Clive A.; Myers, Arnold (2004). Musical Instruments: History, Technology, and Performance of Instruments of Western Music. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816504-0. 
• Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (30. 12. 2004), Archeologists discover ice age dwellers' flute, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Arhivirano iz originala 16. 11. 2006. g., Pristupljeno 7. 2. 2009 
• Chase, Philip G.; Nowell, April (1998), „Taphonomy of a Suggested Middle Paleolithic Bone Flute from Slovenia”, Current Anthropology, 39 (4): 549, doi:10.1086/204771 
• Collinson, Francis M. (1975). The Bagpipe. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7100-7913-8. 
• de Schauensee, Maude (2002). Two Lyres from Ur. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. ISBN 978-0-924171-88-8. 
• Grillet, Laurent (1901), Les ancetres du violon v.1, Paris 
• Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990). On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-42548-1. 
• Marcuse, Sibyl (1975). A Survey of Musical Instruments. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012776-3. 
• Montagu, Jeremy (2007). Origins and Development of Musical Instruments. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5657-8. 
• Moorey, P.R.S. (1977), „What Do We Know About the People Buried in the Royal Cemetery?”, Expedition, 20 (1): 24—40 
• Rault, Lucie (2000). Musical Instruments: A Worldwide Survey of Traditional Music-making Musical Instruments: A Worldwide Survey of Traditional Music-making. Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-51035-3. 
• Remnant, Mary (1989). Musical Instruments: An Illustrated History from Antiquity to the Present. Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-5169-6. .
• Sachs, Curt (1940). The History of Musical Instruments. Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-45265-4. 
• Slovenian Academy of Sciences (11. 4. 1997), „Early Music”, Science, 276 (5310): 203—205, doi:10.1126/science.276.5310.203g 
• West, M.L. (maj 1994), „The Babylonian Musical Notation and the Hurrian Melodic Texts”, Music & Letters, 75 (2): 161—179, doi:10.1093/ml/75.2.161 
• Bohlman, Philip V., ur. (2013). The Cambridge History of World Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86848-8. 
• Church, Michael, ur. (2015). The Other Classical Musics: Fifteen Great Traditions. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-726-8. 
• Fletcher, Peter (2004). World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World's Major Musical Cultures. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517507-3. 
• Hijleh, Mark (2019). Towards A Global Music History. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-08873-3. 
• Nettl, Bruno (2001). „Music”. Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476.  Šablon:Grove Music subscription
• Strohm, Reinhard (2018). Studies on a Global History of Music: A Balzan Musicology Project. Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-138-05883-5. 
• Apel, Willi (1969). Harvard Dictionary of Music. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-37501-7. 
• Randel, Don Michael, ur. (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th izd.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674011632. 
• Goldstein, Ian (31. 3. 2016). „Music and Cognition”. Oxford Bibliographies: Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199757824-0169. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza) (potrebna pretplata)
• Hagen, Edward H.; Hammerstein, Peter (1. 9. 2009). „Did Neanderthals and other early humans sing? Seeking the biological roots of music in the territorial advertisements of primates, lions, hyenas, and wolves”. Musicae Scientiae. 13 (2): 291—320. S2CID 39481097. doi:10.1177/1029864909013002131. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Killin, Anton (14. 2. 2018). „The origins of music: Evidence, theory, and prospects”. Music & Science. S2CID 165905083. doi:10.1177/2059204317751971. hdl:1885/162771 . CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Lawergren, Bo (1988). „The Origin of Musical Instruments and Sounds”. Anthropos. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. Bd. 83 (H. 1./3): 31—45. JSTOR 40461485. 
• Levitin, D. J.; Tirovolas, A. K. (2009). „Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1156 (1): 211—231. Bibcode:2009NYASA1156..211L. PMID 19338510. S2CID 2856561. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04417.x. 
• Merker, Björn; Morley, Iain; Zuidema, Willem (19. 3. 2015). „Five fundamental constraints on theories of the origins of music”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Royal Society. 370 (1664). ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4321136 . PMID 25646518. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0095. eISSN 1471-2970. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Mithen, Steven (2005). The Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body. London: Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-7802-2258-5. 
• Montagu, Jeremy (20. 6. 2017). „How Music and Instruments Began: A Brief Overview of the Origin and Entire Development of Music, from Its Earliest Stages”. Frontiers in Sociology. 2 (8). doi:10.3389/fsoc.2017.00008 . CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0. 
• Nadel, Siegfried (oktobar 1930). Prevod: Baker, Theodore. „The Origins of Music”. The Musical Quarterly. Oxford University Press. 16 (4): 531—546. JSTOR 738618. doi:10.1093/mq/XVI.4.531. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Nettl, Bruno (1956). Music in Primitive Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-59000-7. 
• Peretz, Isabelle; Zatorre, Robert J., ur. (2003). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852519-6. 
• Cross, Ian (2003). „Music, Cognition, Culture and Evolution”. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music.  (In Peretz & Zatorre (2003, str. 42–56))
• Huron, David (2003). „Is Music an Evolutionary Adaptation?”. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music.  (In Peretz & Zatorre (2003, str. 57–75)
• Trehub, Sandra (2003). „Musical Predispositions in Infancy: An Update”. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Music.  (In Peretz & Zatorre (2003, str. 3–20))
• Pinker, Steven (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04535-2. 
• Rycroft, David K. (2001). „Musical bow”. Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19417.  Šablon:Grove Music subscription
• Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, ur. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0. 
• Bickerton, Derek (2000). „Can Biomusicology Learn from Language Evolution Studies?”. The Origins of Music.  (In Wallin, Merker & Brown (2000, str. 153–163))
• Brown, Steven (2000). „The "Musilanguage" Model of Music Evolution”. The Origins of Music.  (In Wallin, Merker & Brown (2000, str. 153–163))
• Kunej, Drago; Turk, Ivan (2000). „New Perspectives on the Beginnings of Music: Archeological and Musicological Analysis of a Middle Paleolithic Bone "Flute"”. The Origins of Music.  (In Wallin, Merker & Brown (2000, str. 235–268))
• Anderson, Robert; Castelo-Branco, Salwa El-Shawan; Danielson, Virginia (2001). „Egypt, Arab Republic of”. Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.08621.  Šablon:Grove Music subscription
• Anderson, Robert (2001). „I. Ancient music”. Egypt, Arab Republic of. Grove Music Online.  (In Anderson, Castelo-Branco & Danielson (2001))
• Charry, Eric (mart 1996). „Plucked Lutes in West Africa: An Historical Overview”. The Galpin Society Journal. 49: 3—37. JSTOR 842390. doi:10.2307/842390. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Erlmann, Veit (1973—1974). „Some Sources on Music in Western Sudan from 1300-1700”. African Music. International Library of African Music. 5 (3): 34—39. JSTOR 30249969. doi:10.21504/amj.v5i3.1656. 
• Kubik, Gerhard (2001). „Africa”. Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00268.  Šablon:Grove Music subscription
• Robotham, Donald Keith (8. 4. 2016). „African music | Britannica”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Vansina, J. (1996). „The Bells of Kings”. The Journal of African History. Cambridge University Press. 10 (2): 187—197. JSTOR 179509. S2CID 162156236. doi:10.1017/S0021853700009464. 
• Wachsmann, Klaus P. (1971). Wachsmann, Klaus P., ur. Essays on Music and History in Africa. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-0333-7. doi:10.21985/N2VH9V. 
• Birrell, Anne (1993) [1988]. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1548-6. JSTOR j.ctv9zcm2j. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm2j. 
• Brindley, Erica (2012). Music, Cosmology, and the Politics of Harmony in Early China. New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4315-7. 
• Fernald, Helen E. (decembar 1926). „Ancient Chinese Musical Instruments: As Depicted on Some of the Early Monuments in the Museum”. The Museum Journal. XVII (4): 325—371. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Furniss, Ingrid (2009). „Unearthing China's Informal Musicians: An Archaeological and Textual Study of the Shang to Tang Periods”. Yearbook for Traditional Music. Cambridge University Press. 41: 23—41. JSTOR 25735477. doi:10.1017/S0740155800004124. 
• Lawergren, Bo (2019). „Music”. Ur.: Dien, Albert E.; Knapp, Keith N. The Cambridge History of China: Volume II: Six Dynasties, 220–589. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. str. 698—720. ISBN 978-1-107-02077-1. 
• Harich-Schneider, Eta (1957—1958). „Rōei. The Medieval Court Songs of Japan”. Monumenta Nipponica. 13 (3/4): 183—222. JSTOR 2383043. doi:10.2307/2383043. 
• Malm, William P. (19. 11. 2019). „Chinese music | Characeristics, History, Instruments, Genres & Facts | Britannica”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 6. 2021. g. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Marett, Allan (2001). „V. Court music”. Japan. Grove Music Online. 
• Mingyue, Liang (1985). Music of the Billion: An Introduction to Chinese Musical Culture. New York: Heinrichshofen. str. 37–38. ISBN 978-3-7959-0474-6. 
• Moore, J. Kenneth (septembar 2009). „Music and Art of China”. Metropolitan Museum of Art: Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Pristupljeno 24. 6. 2021. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• So, Jenny F., ur. (2000). Music in the Age of Confucius. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 978-0-295-97953-3. 
• So, Jenny F.; Major, John S. (2000). „Music in Late Bronze Age China”. Music in the Age of Confucius.  (In So (2000, str. 13–34)
• Bagley, Robert (2000). „Percussion”. Music in the Age of Confucius.  (In So (2000, str. 35–64)

Spoljašnje veze

• „Muzički instrumenti”. Viktorija i Albert muzej. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 4. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2008. 
• „Muzika i muzički instrumenti”. Nacionalni muzej američke istorije. Arhivirano iz originala 17. 9. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 30. 9. 2008. 
• Sajt posvećen harmonici u Srbiji
• Raspored muzičara po instrumentima u simfonijskom orkestru., Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2012.