Википедија

Muhamed Ikbal

урду песник и вођа Пакистанског покрета

Muhamed Ikbal (Urdu:محمد اقبال) (Sijalkot, Pakistan, 9. novembar 1877. - Lahor, 21. april 1938), takođe poznat kao Alama Ikbal (علامہ اقبال), bio je pesnik,[1][2] filozof[3] i političar,[4] kao i akademik, pravnik i naučnik[5][6] u Britanskoj Indiji, koji je bio pohvaljen zbog inspiracije za pakistanski pokret. Poznat je kao „duhovni otac Pakistana”.[7] Smatra se jednom od najznačajnijih figura u urdu književnosti[8] sa književnim delima na urdu[9][10][11][12] i persijskom jeziku.[6][8]

Muhamed Ikbal
Ikbal 1933. godine
Ime po rođenjuمحمد اقبال‎
Datum rođenja(1877-11-09)9. novembar 1877.
Mesto rođenjaSijalkot, Britanska Indija
Datum smrti21. april 1938.(1938-04-21) (60 god.)
Mesto smrtiLahor, Pakistan
Muhamed Ikbal

Ikbal se smatra istaknutim pesnikom od strane Pakistanaca, Iranaca, Indijaca, stanovnika Bangladeša, Šri Lanke i drugih.[13][14][15] Iako je Ikbal najpoznatiji kao ugledni pesnik, on je takođe visoko cenjen kao „muslimanski filozofski mislilac modernog doba”.[6][15] Njegova prva knjiga pesama, Asrar-e-Khudi, pojavila se na persijskom jeziku 1915. godine. Druge knjige poezije su Rumuz-I-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq i Zabur-i-Ajam. [16] Njegova vizija kulturnog i političkog ideala za muslimane Indije pod britanskom upravom[17] bila je da se podstakne impuls za formiranje Pakistana.[1][18] On se često pominje počasni Alama[19] (od pers. علامہ).[20]

Rođen i odrastao u Sijalkotu, Pandžab u etničkoj muslimanskoj porodici Kašmira, Ikbal je diplomirao i magistrirao na Državnom koledžu u Lahoru. Predavao je arapski na Orijentalnom koledžu u Lahoru od 1899. do 1903. Tokom tog perioda je plodno i izobilno pisao. Među urdu pesmama iz tog vremena koje su ostale popularne su Parinde ki faryad (Ptičija molitva), rana meditacija o pravima životinja, i Tarana-e-Hindi (Pesma o Hindustanu) patriotska pesma. Obe pesme su komponovane za decu. Godine 1905, odlazi na dalje studije u Evropu, prvo u Englesku, gde stiče drugu diplomu na Triniti koledžu u Kembridžu, a potom je odlazi u Nemačku, gde je doktorirao filozofiju na Univerzitetu u Minhenu. Nakon povratka u Lahor 1908. godine, uspostavio je advokatsku praksu, ali se prvenstveno koncentrisao na pisanje naučnih radova o politici, ekonomiji, istoriji, filozofiji i religiji. Najpoznatiji je po svojim poetskim delima, uključujući Tajne sopstva – nakon čijeg objavljivanja je dobio titulu viteza,[21] Tajne nesebičnosti i Zov pohodnog zvona. U Iranu, gde je poznat kao Iqbāl-e Lāhorī (Ikbal iz Lahora), veoma je cenjen zbog svojih persijskih dela.

Ikbal je Rumija smatrao svojim vodičem, a Ašrafa Alija Tanvija najvećim živim autoritetom po pitanju Rumijevih učenja.[22][23] On je bio snažan zagovornik političkog i duhovnog preporoda islamske civilizacije širom sveta, ali posebno u Južnoj Aziji; serija predavanja koja je održao u tom smislu objavljena je kao Rekonstrukcija religiozne misli u islamu. Ikbal je 1927. godine izabran u Zakonodavno veće Pandžaba i imao je niz pozicija u Sveindijskoj muslimanskoj ligi. U svom predsedničkom obraćanju 1930. na godišnjem sastanku Lige u Alahabadu, formulisao je politički okvir za muslimane u Indiji pod britanskom upravom.[17] Ikbal je umro 1938. godine. Nakon stvaranja Pakistana 1947. godine, on je proglašen nacionalnim pesnikom. Takođe je poznat kao „Hakeem-ul-Ummat“ („Mudrac iz Uma“) i „Mufakkir-e-Pakistan“ („Mislilac Pakistana“). Godišnjica njegovog rođenja (Yom-e Welādat-e Muḥammad Iqbāl), 9. novembar, bila je državni praznik u Pakistanu do 2018. godine.[24] Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadvi je napisao Ikbalovu slavu kako bi ga predstavio sa arapskom svetu.[25][26]

Galerija uredi

  •  
    Ikbalov otac (šeik Nur Muhamed)
  •  
    Ikbal u Londonu 1931.
  •  
    Na jednoj večeri tokom 2. okruglog stola u Londonu 1931. godine
  •  
    Pogled na konferenciju u Zapadnom Jerusalimu (1931)
  •  
    Ikbalov prijem koji je organizovala Nacionalna liga, London 1932
  •  
    Ikbal na prijemu za građane Lahore 1933.
  •  
    Ikbal 1934
  •  
    Ikbal u Avganistanu
  •  
    Ikbal

Bibliografija uredi

Glavni članak: Muhamed Ikbalova bibliografija

Knjiga proze na urdu jeziku

Knjige proze na engleskom jeziku

Knjige poezije na persijskom jeziku

Knjige proze na urdu jeziku

Reference uredi

  1. ^ a b Lelyveld, David (2004), „Muhammad Iqbal”, Ur.: Martin, Richard C., Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World: A-L, Macmillan, str. 356, ISBN 978-0-02-865604-5, „Muhammad Iqbal, South Asian poet and ideological innovator, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian and discursive prose, primarily in English, of particular significance in the formulation of a national ethos for Pakistan.” 
  2. ^ Iqbal, Sir Muhammad; Singh, Khushwant; Zakaria, Rafiq (1981), Shikwa and Jawab-i-shikwa (na jeziku: engleski i urdu), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-561324-7, „"Iqbal it is true, is essentially a poet of Islam ... the Islam which provided a new light of thought and learning to the world, and of heroic action and glorious deeds. He was devoted to the Prophet and believe his message." (from the foreword by Rafiq Zakaria, p. 9)” 
  3. ^ Kiernan, V.G. (2013). Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. str. xi—xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-906616-2.  Quote: "In Persian, ... he published six volumes of mainly long poems between 1915 and 1936, ... more or less complete works on philosophical themes" (p. xiii)"
  4. ^ Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, str. 14—, ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1, „Iqbal was elected to the Punjab Legislative Council in 1927 and held various posts both in the All-India Muslim League and the Punjab Provincial Muslim League.” 
  5. ^ Rehman, Javaid (2005). Islamic State Practices, International Law and the Threat from Terrorism: A Critique of the 'Clash of Civilizations' in the New World Order. Bloomsbury Publishingr. str. 15. ISBN 9781841135014. 
  6. ^ a b v „Allama Muhammad Iqbal Philosopher, poet, and Political leader”. Aml.Org.pk. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 3. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 2. 3. 2012. 
  7. ^ al.], Albert M. Craig ... [et (2011). The heritage of world civilizations. (9th izd.). Harlow: Pearson Education. str. 800. ISBN 978-0-205-80347-7. 
  8. ^ a b Bhatti, Anil. „Iqbal and Goethe” (PDF). Yearbook of the Goethe Society of India. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 30. 10. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2011. 
  9. ^ Kiernan, V.G. (2013). Poems from Iqbal: Renderings in English Verse with Comparative Urdu Text. Oxford University Press and Iqbal Academy Pakistan. str. xi—xiii. ISBN 978-0-19-906616-2.  Quote: "In Urdu, Iqbal is allowed to have been far the greatest poet of this century, and by most critics to be the only equal of Ghalib (1797–1869). ... the Urdu poems, addressed to a real and familiar audience close at hand, have the merit of being direct, spontaneous utterances on tangible subjects. (p. xiii)"
  10. ^ McDonough, Sheila D (5. 11. 2020), Muhammad Iqbal, Encyclopedia Britannica, Pristupljeno 7. 2. 2021, „He is considered the greatest poet in Urdu of the 20th century” 
  11. ^ Anjum, Zafar (13. 10. 2014), Iqbal: The Life of a Poet, Philosopher and Politician, Random House, str. 16—, ISBN 978-81-8400-656-8, „Responding to this call, he published a collection of Urdu poems, Bal-e-Jibril (The Wings of Gabriel) in 1935 and Zarb-e Kalim (The Stroke of the Rod of Moses) in 1936. Through this, Iqbal achieved the status of the greatest Urdu poet in the twentieth century.” 
  12. ^ Robinson, Francis (1996), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World, Cambridge University Press, str. 283—, ISBN 978-0-521-66993-1, „In India, the ghazal and mathnawi forms were adapted in Urdu to express new social and ideological concerns, beginning in the work of the poet Altaf Husayn Hali (1837–1914) and continuing in the poetry of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938). In the poetry of Iqbal, which he wrote in Persian, to speak to a wider Muslim audience, as well as Urdu, a memory of the past achievements of Islam is combined with a plea for reform. He is considered the greatest Urdu poet of the twentieth century.” 
  13. ^ „Love letter to Persia”. The Friday Times. 25. 4. 2014. Pristupljeno 13. 9. 2016. 
  14. ^ „Leading News Resource of Pakistan”. Daily Times. 28. 5. 2003. Arhivirano iz originala 6. 5. 2005. g. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2011. 
  15. ^ a b v g d „Welcome to Allama Iqbal Site”. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 02. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 27. 03. 2019. 
  16. ^ a b v g d đ e ž z i j k l lj 1 in author list, Iqbal Academy (26. 5. 2006). „Allama Iqbal – Biography”. Arhivirano iz originala (PHP) 19. 11. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 7. 1. 2011. 
  17. ^ a b Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, str. 14—, ISBN 978-1-107-00886-1, „In 1930, he presided over the meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Allahabad. It was here that he delivered his famous address in which he outlined his vision of a cultural and political framework that would ensure the fullest development of the Muslims of India.” 
  18. ^ Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988), Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-06414-9, „Sir Syed Ahmed had brought rationalism and the desire for knowledge and progress to the Indian Muslims; Muhammad Iqbal brought them inspiration and philosophy. Next to the Quran, there is no single influence upon the consciousness of the Pakistani intelligentsia so powerful as Iqbal’s poetry. In his own time, it kindled the enthusiasm of Muslim intellectuals for the values of Islam and rallied the Muslim community once again to the banner of their faith. For this reason, Iqbal is looked upon today as the spiritual founder of Pakistan.” 
  19. ^ „Allama Iqbal: Pakistan's national poet & the man who gave India 'Saare Jahan se Achha'”. ThePrint. 9. 10. 2018. Pristupljeno 20. 6. 2021. 
  20. ^ Platts, John T. (John Thompson) (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., Pristupljeno 6. 2. 2021 
  21. ^ „No. 32782”. The London Gazette (Supplement). 29. 12. 1922. str. 2. 
  22. ^ Qaiser, Nazir. „Why Iqbal regarded Rumi as his Guide”. International Iqbal Society - Allama Iqbal (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2022-10-25. 
  23. ^ Wahid, Abdul (1982). Maqalat-e-iqbal (na jeziku: urdu). Lahore: Tufail Art Printers. str. 180. 
  24. ^ „Birthday of Iqbal”, Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations of the World Dictionary, Fourth Edition, Omnigraphics, Inc., 2010, Pristupljeno 8. 2. 2021 
  25. ^ Qureshi, Jawad Anwar QureshiJawad Anwar (2014), „Nadwī, Abū al-Ḥasan”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics (na jeziku: engleski), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-973935-6, doi:10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001, Pristupljeno 2022-10-09 
  26. ^ Gaffar, Abdul (2004). The contributions of Moulana Abul Hasan Ali Nadvi to Urdu language and literature (Teza) (na jeziku: urdu). India: Department of Urdu, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit. hdl:10603/137480. 
  27. ^ „Allama Iqbal – The Great Poet And Philosopher:”. Bright PK.com. 15. 2. 2012. Arhivirano iz originala 4. 6. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 28. 5. 2012. 

Literatura uredi

Spoljašnje veze uredi

 
Muhamed Ikbal na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Мухамед_Икбал&oldid=27675318”