Petrologija
Petrologija (grčki πέτρα, petra, stena; λόγος, logos, saznanje (rasprava, diskusija) je nauka koja se bavi izučavanjem stena i uslovima njihovog nastanka. Postoje tri dela petrologije koje odgovaraju izučavanju tri tipa stena - petrologija magmatskih stena,[1][2] petrologija sedimentnih stena i petrologija metamorfnih stena.[3]
Petrologija koristi klasične oblasti mineralogije,[4][5] petrografije,[6] [7] optičke mineralogije i hemijskih analiza za identifikaciju sastava i teksture stena. Petrolozi danas takođe izučavaju i osnove geohemije i geofizike pri studijama geohemijskih procesa i ciklusa, ali i koriste termodinamiku i eksperimente za bolje razumevanje nastanka stena.
Zaleđina uredi
Litologija[8][9][10] je nekada bila približno sinonim za petrografiju, ali u sadašnjoj upotrebi, litologija se fokusira na makroskopske ručne uzorke ili opis stena u skali izbočina, dok je petrografija specijalnost koja se bavi mikroskopskim detaljima.
U naftnoj industriji, litologija, ili tačnije katalogiranje blata, je grafički prikaz geoloških formacija koje se probuše i crtaju u dokumentu koji se zove muljni zapis. Kako se rezovi cirkulišu iz bušotine, oni se uzorkuju, ispituju (obično pod 10× mikroskopom) i hemijski testiraju kada je potrebno.
Metodologija uredi
Petrologija koristi polja mineralogije, petrografije, optičke mineralogije[12] i hemijske analize da opiše sastav i teksturu stena. Petrolozi takođe uključuju principe geohemije i geofizike kroz proučavanje geohemijskih trendova i ciklusa i korišćenje termodinamičkih podataka i eksperimenata kako bi bolje razumeli poreklo stena.
Grane uredi
Postoje tri grane petrologije, koje korespondiraju sa tri tipa stena: magmatske, metamorfne i sedimentne, i druga koja se bavi eksperimentalnim tehnikama:
- Magmatska petrologija se fokusira na sastav i teksturu magmatskih stena (stene kao što su granit ili bazalt koje su kristalisale iz rastopljene stene ili magme).[13][14] Magmatske stene uključuju vulkanske i plutonske stene.
- Sedimentna petrologija se fokusira na sastav i teksturu sedimentnih stena (stene poput peščara, škriljaca ili krečnjaka koje se sastoje od komada ili čestica dobijenih iz drugih stena ili bioloških ili hemijskih naslaga, i obično su povezane u matricu od finijeg materijala).
- Metamorfna petrologija se fokusira na sastav i teksturu metamorfnih stena (stene kao što su argilošist, mermer, gnajs ili škriljci koje su započele kao sedimentne ili magmatske stene, ali koje su pretrpele hemijske, mineraloške ili teksturne promene usled ekstremnih pritisaka, temperature ili oboje)
- Eksperimentalna petrologija koristi aparate visokog pritiska i visoke temperature za istraživanje geohemije i faznih odnosa prirodnih ili sintetičkih materijala pri povišenim pritiscima i temperaturama.[15][16] Eksperimenti su posebno korisni za istraživanje stena donje kore i gornjeg omotača koji retko preživljavaju put do površine u netaknutom stanju. Oni su takođe jedan od glavnih izvora informacija o potpuno nepristupačnim stenama kao što su one u donjem omotaču Zemlje i u omotaču drugih terestričkih planeta i Meseca. Radom eksperimentalnih petrologa postavljena je osnova na kojoj je izgrađeno savremeno shvatanje magmatskih i metamorfnih procesa.
Reference uredi
- ^ Prothero, Donald R.; Schwab, Fred (2004). Sedimentary geology : an introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy (2nd izd.). New York: Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-3905-0.
- ^ Wilkinson, Bruce H.; McElroy, Brandon J.; Kesler, Stephen E.; Peters, Shanan E.; Rothman, Edward D. (2008). „Global geologic maps are tectonic speedometers—Rates of rock cycling from area-age frequencies”. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 121 (5–6): 760—779. Bibcode:2009GSAB..121..760W. doi:10.1130/B26457.1.
- ^ Frost, B. R.; Frost, C. D. (2014). Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ „Mineralogy”. American Heritage Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. 2017. Pristupljeno 19. 10. 2017.
- ^ „Mineralogy”. Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. Pristupljeno 19. 10. 2017.
- ^ R.L., Folk. Folk, R.L. (1980) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Company, Austin, 184 p. - References - Scientific Research Publishing (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 6. 2. 2020.
- ^ Eiland, Murray (1997). „Petrography of Parthian Ceramics”. Archaeological Sciences 1995 Proceedings of a Conference on the Application of Scientific Techniques to the Study of Archaeology. Oxbow Monograph 64. Anthony Sinclair, Elizabeth Slater, John Gowlett. Oxford: Oxbow Books Ltd. str. 69—76. ISBN 978-1-78570-806-0. OCLC 1017581916.
- ^ „Lithology”. Earthquake Glossary. US Geological Survey. Pristupljeno 29. 10. 2010.
- ^ Bates, R. J.; Jackson, J. A., ur. (1984). Dictionary of Geological Terms (3 izd.). American Geological Institute. str. 299. ISBN 0-385-18101-9.
- ^ Allaby, Ailsa; Allaby, Michael (1999). Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences
(2 izd.). Oxford University Press. str. 320. ISBN 0-19-280079-5.
- ^ Ljubljani, Univerza v. „New full professors at the University of Ljubljana (13 December 2019, Group 3)”. www.uni-lj.si (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 2020-04-02.
- ^ Nesse, William D. (2013). Introduction to optical mineralogy (4. izd.). New York: Oxford Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-19-984627-6. OCLC 828794681.
- ^ Geiger, Harri; Troll, Valentin R.; Jolis, Ester M.; Deegan, Frances M.; Harris, Chris; Hilton, David R.; Freda, Carmela (2018-07-12). „Multi-level magma plumbing at Agung and Batur volcanoes increases risk of hazardous eruptions”. Scientific Reports (na jeziku: engleski). 8 (1): 10547. Bibcode:2018NatSR...810547G. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6043508
. PMID 30002471. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-28125-2.
- ^ Deegan, Frances M.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Troll, Valentin R.; Geiger, Harri; Jeon, Heejin; le Roux, Petrus; Harris, Chris; van Helden, Marcel; González-Maurel, Osvaldo (2021-06-24). „Sunda arc mantle source δ18O value revealed by intracrystal isotope analysis”. Nature Communications (na jeziku: engleski). 12 (1): 3930. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.3930D. ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24143-3 .
- ^ „Department of Earth Sciences » Experimental Petrology”.
- ^ Nandedkar, Rohit H.; Ulmer, Peter; Müntener, Othmar (2014-06-01). „Fractional crystallization of primitive, hydrous arc magmas: an experimental study at 0.7 GPa” (PDF). Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (na jeziku: engleski). 167 (6): 1015. Bibcode:2014CoMP..167.1015N. ISSN 0010-7999. doi:10.1007/s00410-014-1015-5. hdl:20.500.11850/87224 .
Literatura uredi
- Bayly, M. Brian (1968) Introduction to petrology Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ;
- Blatt, Harvey and Tracy, Robert J.. Petrology: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic W.H. Freeman, New York. 1996. ISBN 978-0-7167-2438-4. ;
- Dietrich, Richard Vincent and Skinner, Brian J.. Rocks and rock minerals Wiley, New York. 1979. ISBN 978-0-471-02934-2. ;
- Fei, Yingwei; Bertka, Constance M. and Mysen, Bjorn O. (eds.). Mantle petrology: field observations and high-pressure experimentation The Geochemical Society, Houston, TX. 1999. ISBN 978-0-941809-05-4. ;
- Stanton, R. L.. Ore petrology McGraw-Hill, New York. 1972. ISBN 978-0-07-060843-6.
- Dolar Mantuani, Ljudmila. Das Verhältnis des Aplite zu den Tonaliten im Massiv des Pohorje (bachergebirges). Slovenia, L. Dolar-Mantuani, 1934.
- Dolar-Mantuani, Ludmila. Petrography and Utilization of Paleozoic, Middle Ordovician Carbonate Rocks in Southern Ontario. Canada, Ministry of Natural Resources, 1975.
- Dolar-Mantuani, Ludmila. Handbook of concrete aggregates: a petrographic and technological evaluation. United States, Noyes Publications, 1983.
- Traffic Signal Retiming Practices in the United States. 2010-11-25. ISBN 978-0-309-14317-2. doi:10.17226/22915.
- Dolar-Mantuani, Ljudmila (1978). Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-making Materials (na jeziku: engleski). ASTM International. str. 744+, Chapter 42.
- Best, Myron G. (2002), Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (Blackwell Publishing) ISBN 1-4051-0588-7.
- Dietrich, Richard Vincent; Skinner, Brian J. (2009), Gems, Granites, and Gravels: knowing and using rocks and minerals (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 978-0-521-10722-8
- Philpotts, Anthony; Ague, Jay (2009), Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0
- Robb, L. (2005). Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes (Blackwell Science) ISBN 978-0-632-06378-9
- Tucker, M. E. (2001), Sedimentary Petrology, Blackwell Science
- Yardley, B. W. D.; Warren, Clare (2021). An introduction to metamorphic petrology (2 izd.). Cambridge. ISBN 978-1-108-65955-0. OCLC 1226719524.
- Gribble, C.D.; Hall, A.J. (1993). Optical Mineralogy: Principles And Practice. London: CRC Press. ISBN 9780203498705.
- Harrell, James A. (2012). „Mineralogy”. Ur.: Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew. The encyclopedia of ancient history. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444338386. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah21217.
- Hazen, Robert M. (1984). „Mineralogy: A historical review” (PDF). Journal of Geological Education. 32 (5): 288—298. doi:10.5408/0022-1368-32.5.288. Pristupljeno 27. 9. 2017.
- Laudan, Rachel (1993). From mineralogy to geology : the foundations of a science, 1650-1830 (Pbk. izd.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226469478.
- Oldroyd, David (1998). Sciences of the earth : studies in the history of mineralogy and geology. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 9780860787709.
- Perkins, Dexter (2014). Mineralogy. Pearson Higher Ed. ISBN 9780321986573.
- Rapp, George R. (2002). Archaeomineralogy. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 9783662050057.
- Tisljar, S.K. Haldar, Josip (2013). Introduction to mineralogy and petrology. Burlington: Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780124167100.
- Wenk, Hans-Rudolf; Bulakh, Andrey (2016). Minerals: Their Constitution and Origin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316425282.
- Whewell, William (2010). „Book XV. History of Mineralogy”. History of the Inductive Sciences: From the Earliest to the Present Times. Cambridge University Press. str. 187—252. ISBN 9781108019262.
- Bandy, Mark Chance and Jean A. Bandy (1955). De Natura Fossilium. New York: George Banta Publishing Company.
- Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (2002). Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine. Singapore: Singapore University Press ISBN 9971-69-259-7
- Hazen, Robert M. (1984). "Mineralogy: A historical review". Journal of Geological Education, 32, 288–298.
- Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
- Povarennykh A.S. (1972) "A Short History of Mineralogy and the Classification of Minerals". Crystal Chemical Classification of Minerals, 3–26. Springer, Boston, MA. ISBN 978-1-4684-1743-2
- Ramsdell, Lewis S. (1963). Encyclopedia Americana: International Edition: Volume 19. New York: Americana Corporation.
- Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Atlas of Igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals, and textures – Geology Department, University of North Carolina
- Metamorphic Petrology Database (MetPetDB) – Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Petrological Database of the Ocean Floor (PetDB) - Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University
- Video atlas of minerals in thin section
- Name that Mineral Datatable for comparing observable properties of minerals in thin sections, under transmitted or reflected light.