Pravda
Pravda predstavlja vrednosno načelo raspodele koje određuje koliko dobara i koliko tereta (odn. prava i obaveza) treba dati subjektima društvenih odnosa. S obzirom na to da raspodelu, preko zakona vrši država, evidentno je da između pravde i prava postoji neraskidiva veza.
Pravda je takođe i koncept pravičnog i moralnog postupanja prema svim osobama (vidi fizičko lice i pravno lice, posebno u zakonu. Na pravdu se često gleda kao na stalni napor da se čini ono što je „ispravno“. U najvećem broju slučajeva ispravnim se smatra ono što misli i oseća većina, ono što je logično, ili što zalazi u natprirodno, mistično.
Međutim neki pisci (npr. Kelzen) pravdi ne pridaje neki veći značaj (iako priznaje da je ona neophodni pokretač ljudskog delovanja), zato što u modernom društvu postoje samo interesi različitih društvenih grupa i njihov sukob. Taj se sukob može, od strane poretka, rešiti na dva načina - ili će se zadovoljiti interesi jedne grupe, nauštrb druge; ili će se naći kompromis gde nijedna od strana neće dobiti, ali ni mnogo izgubiti. Koje je od ova dva rešenja „pravedno“ u datom trenutku, nemoguće je odrediti, jer pravda nije racionalna kategorija, odn. ne postoji način da se ona precizno utvrdi ili izmeri.
Vrste pravde
urediJoš je Aristotel dao podelu pravde. Po njemu, postoje dve vrste pravde - komutativna (ili korektivna) i distributivna.
Korektivna počiva na principu aritmetičke jednakosti - za izvršenu radnju, sledi odgovarajuće protivčinjenje; dok se distributivna oslanja na geometrijsku jednakost - postoji jedan viši subjekt (npr. država) koji potčinjenim subjektima, prema unapred utvrđenim kriterijumima, raspodeljuje prava i obaveze.
Teorije distributivne pravde
urediTeorije distributivne pravde moraju odgovoriti na tri pitanja:
- Koja roba se distribuira? Da li je to bogatstvo, moć, poštovanje, mogućnosti ili neka kombinacija ovih stvari?
- Između kojih entiteta će se distribuirati? Ljudi (mrtvi, živi, budući), živa bića, članovi jedinstvenog društva, nacije?
- Koja je pravilna distribucija? Jednaki, meritokratski, prema društvenom statusu, prema potrebi, zasnovano na imovinskim pravima i nenapadanju?
Teoretičari distributivne pravde generalno ne odgovaraju na pitanja ko ima pravo da sprovede određenu povlašćenu raspodelu, dok teoretičari imovinskih prava kažu da ne postoji „favorizovana raspodela“. Umesto toga, distribucija bi se trebala zasnivati jednostavno na bilo kojoj distribuciji koja proizlazi iz zakonitih interakcija ili transakcija (to jest transakcija koje nisu nezakonite).
Ovaj odeljak opisuje neke široko rasprostranjene teorije distributivne pravde i njihove pokušaje da odgovore na ova pitanja.
Socijalna pravda
urediSocijalna pravda obuhvata pravedan odnos između pojedinaca i njihovog društva, često uzimajući u obzir kako privilegije, mogućnosti i bogatstvo treba raspodijeliti među pojedincima.[2] Socijalna pravda je takođe povezana sa društvenom mobilnošću, posebno lakoćom sa kojom se pojedinci i porodice mogu kretati između društvenih slojeva.[3] Socijalna pravda se razlikuje od kosmopolitizma, što je ideja da svi ljudi pripadaju jednoj globalnoj zajednici sa zajedničkim moralom.[4] Socijalna pravda se takođe razlikuje od egalitarizma, što je ideja da su svi ljudi jednaki u pogledu statusa, vrednosti ili prava, jer sve teorije socijalne pravde ne zahtevaju jednakost.[5] Na primer, sociolog Džordž K. Homans je sugerisao da je koren koncepta pravde u tome da svaka osoba treba da dobije nagrade koje su srazmerne njenim doprinosima.[6][7] Ekonomista Fridrih Hajek je izjavio da je koncept socijalne pravde besmislen, tvrdeći da je pravda rezultat ponašanja pojedinca i nepredvidivih tržišnih sila.[8] Socijalna pravda je blisko povezana sa konceptom relacione pravde, koja se odnosi na pravedan odnos sa pojedincima koji imaju zajedničke osobine, poput nacionalnosti, ili koji su uključeni u saradnju ili pregovore.[9][10]
Vidi još
urediReference
uredi- ^ Cuban Law's Blindfold, 23.
- ^ „social justice | Definition of social justice in English by Oxford Dictionaries”. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 01. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 2018-11-13.
- ^ Ornstein, Allan C. (2017-12-01). „Social Justice: History, Purpose and Meaning”. Society (na jeziku: engleski). 54 (6): 541—548. ISSN 1936-4725. doi:10.1007/s12115-017-0188-8 .
- ^ Kleingeld, Pauline; Brown, Eric (2014), „Cosmopolitanism”, Ur.: Zalta, Edward N., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 izd.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, Pristupljeno 2018-12-14
- ^ „egalitarianism | Definition of egalitarianism in English by Oxford Dictionaries”. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 11. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 2018-11-13.
- ^ Rubinstein, David (1988). „The Concept of Justice in Sociology”. Theory and Society. 17 (4): 527—550. JSTOR 657654. S2CID 143622666. doi:10.1007/BF00158887.
- ^ Homans, George Caspar (1974). Social behavior; its elementary forms. (Rev. izd.). New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. str. 246–249. ISBN 978-0-15-581417-2. OCLC 2668194.
- ^ 1899-1992., Hayek, F.A. (Friedrich August) (1976). Law, legislation and liberty : a new statement of the liberal principles of justice and political economy. Routledge & Kegan Paul. str. 78. ISBN 978-0-7100-8403-3. OCLC 769281087.
- ^ Poblet, Marta; Casanovas, Pompeu (2008), „Concepts and Fields of Relational Justice”, Computable Models of the Law, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (na jeziku: engleski), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, str. 323—339, ISBN 978-3-540-85568-2, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_21
- ^ Nagel, Thomas (2005). „The Problem of Global Justice”. Philosophy & Public Affairs (na jeziku: engleski). 33 (2): 113—147. ISSN 1088-4963. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.2005.00027.x.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Distributive Justice, by Michael Allingham
- Punishment, by Kevin Murtagh
- Western Theories of Justice, by Wayne P. Pomerleau
- "Justice" by David Miller
- "Distributive Justice" by Julian Lamont
- "Justice as a Virtue" by Michael Slote
- "Punishment" by Hugo Adam Bedau and Erin Kelly
- United Nations Rule of Law: Informal Justice, on the relationship between informal/community justice, the rule of law and the United Nations
- Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (27. april 2014), a series of 12 videos on the subject of justice by Harvard University's Michael Sandel, with reading materials and comments from participants.