Rusko-ukrajinski rat
оружани сукоб између Русије и самопроглашених република ДНР и ЛНР које она подржава, с једне стране, и Украјине, с друге стране
Rusko-ukrajinski rat (ukr. rosійsьko-ukraїnsьka vійna, rus. российско-украинская война) jeste oružani sukob između Rusije i samoproglašenih republika DNR i LNR koje ona podržava, s jedne strane, i Ukrajine, s druge strane.
| Rusko-ukrajinski rat | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deo Drugog hladnog rata | |||||||||
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| Sukobljene strane | |||||||||
 Rusija Donjecka NR Luganska NR Podrška:  Belorusija (od 2022) |
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| Komandanti i vođe | |||||||||
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Vladimir Putin Dmitrij Medvedev (2014—2020) Mihail Mišustin (od 2020) Sergej Lavrov Sergej Šojgu Valerij Gerasimov Igor Girkin Aleksandar Zaharčenko † (2014–2018) Denis Pušilin (od 2018) Leonid Pasečnik (od 2017) |
 Volodimir Zelenski (od 2019) Petro Porošenko (2014–2019) Vladimir Grojsman (2016–2019) Denis Šmigalj Oleksij Reznjikov Dmitro Kuleba Oleksij Danilov Valerij Zalužnji Sergij Šaptala Ruslan Homčak | ||||||||
| Jačina | |||||||||
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| Žrtve i gubici | |||||||||
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Ukupno[4] (do februara 2022) ubijeni: ~14.000 (od kojih 3.500 civila) +298 civila (Malejša erlajns let 17) ranjeni[4]: 26.000 (od kojih 7.000-9.000 civila) nestali[4]: 1.000-1.500 (avgust 2017) izbegli: 1.600.000[5] | |||||||||
U aprilu 2014. demonstracije u Donbasu građana ruske nacionalnosti su prerasle u oružani sukob. Rusija je podržala DNR i LNR. Do 2022. neprijateljstva su bila lokalizovana na regionima Krim i Donbas, međunarodno priznatim kao delovima Ukrajine. Uprkos ponovljenim izjavama ruske strane da je sukob u Donbasu do tada bio unutarukrajinske prirode, zapadni mediji i politikolozi iz različitih zemalja (posebno Mark Galeoti) već dugi niz godina pišu o tome da se dešava kao rat između Rusije i Ukrajine[6][7][8]. Od 2014. u Ukrajini jačaju neonacističke snage u obliku paramilitarnih formacija koje bukvalno preuzimaju sve ključne poluge vlasti.
Od 2021. godine počela je teška kriza u odnosima između Rusije i Ukrajine zbog povećanja ruskog prisustva na granici sa Ukrajinom, što je govorilo o mogućnosti rata punih razmera. U februaru 2022. kriza se pogoršala i diplomatski pokušaji da se situacija reši bili su neuspešni. Ukrajinske snage, predvođene nacionalistima, nagomilavaju se na položajima u Donbasu gde narodne milicije u pokušaju da odbrane svoju nezavisnost brane svoje položaje a građani trpe velike gubitke od početka sukoba 2014. Rusija je 21. februara 2022. priznala nezavisnost DNR i LNR[9], a 22. februara poslala je trupe na teritoriju koju oni kontrolišu[10][11][12]. Dana 24. februara, Rusija je pokrenula „specijalnu operaciju denacifikacije i demilitarizacije Ukrajine” koja je u zapadnim centrima moći nazvana invazija na Ukrajinu[13].
Pozadina
urediNezavisna Ukrajina i Narandžasta revolucija
uredi
Nakon raspada Sovjetskog Saveza (SSSR) 1991. godine, Ukrajina i Rusija su održale bliske veze. Ukrajina je 1994. pristala da pristupi Ugovoru o neširenju nuklearnog oružja kao država koja nema nuklearno oružje.[14] Bivše sovjetsko nuklearno oružje u Ukrajini je uklonjeno i demontirano.[15] Zauzvrat, Rusija, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo i Sjedinjene Države pristale su da podrže teritorijalni integritet i političku nezavisnost Ukrajine kroz Budimpeštanski memorandum o bezbednosnim garancijama.[16][17] Rusija je 1999. godine bila jedan od potpisnica Povelje o evropskoj bezbednosti, koja je „ponovo potvrdila inherentno pravo svake države učesnice da bude slobodna da izabere ili promeni svoje bezbednosne aranžmane, uključujući ugovore o savezu, kako budu evoluirali“.[18] U godinama nakon raspada SSSR-a, nekoliko zemalja bivšeg Istočnog bloka pristupilo je NATO-u, delimično kao odgovor na regionalne bezbednosne pretnje koje uključuju Rusiju, kao što su Ruska ustavna kriza 1993, rat u Abhaziji (1992–1993) i Prvi čečenski Rat (1994–1996). Putin je rekao da su zapadne sile prekršile obećanje da neće dozvoliti pridruživanje nijednoj istočnoevropskoj zemlji.[19][20]
Ukrajinski predsednički izbori 2004. bili su kontroverzni. Tokom predizborne kampanje, opozicioni kandidat Viktor Juščenko bio je otrovan TCDD dioksinom;[21][22] on je kasnije optužio Rusiju za umešanost.[23] U novembru je premijer Viktor Janukovič proglašen za pobednika, uprkos optužbama za nameštanje glasova od strane posmatrača izbora.[24] Tokom dvomesečnog perioda koji je postao poznat kao Narandžasta revolucija, veliki mirni protesti su uspešno doveli u pitanje ishod. Nakon što je Vrhovni sud Ukrajine poništio prvobitni rezultat zbog široko rasprostranjene izborne prevare, održan je drugi krug izbora, dovodeći na vlast Juščenko kao predsednika i Juliju Timošenko kao premijerku, a Janukovič je ostao u opoziciji.[25] Narandžasta revolucija se često grupiše zajedno sa drugim protestnim pokretima ranog 21. veka, posebno unutar bivšeg SSSR-a, poznatim kao obojene revolucije. Prema rečima Entonija Kordesmana, ruski vojni oficiri su na takve obojene revolucije gledali kao na pokušaje SAD i evropskih država da destabilizuju susedne zemlje i potkopaju nacionalnu bezbednost Rusije.[26] Ruski predsednik Vladimir Putin optužio je organizatore ruskih protesta 2011–2013 da su bivši savetnici Juščenka i opisao proteste kao pokušaj da se narandžasta revolucija prenese na Rusiju.[27] Mitinzi u korist Putina tokom ovog perioda nazivani su „anti-narandžastim protestima”.[28]
Na Samitu u Bukureštu 2008. Ukrajina i Gruzija su nastojale da se pridruže NATO-u. Odgovor među članicama NATO-a bio je podeljen. Zapadnoevropske zemlje su se protivile nuđenju akcionih planova za članstvo (MAP) Ukrajini i Gruziji kako bi izbegle antagonizaciju Rusije, dok je američki predsednik Džordž V. Buš tražio njihovo prijem.[29] NATO je na kraju odbio da ponudi Ukrajini i Gruziji MAP, ali je takođe izdao saopštenje u kojem se slaže da će „ove zemlje u jednom trenutku postati članice NATO-a“. Putin se oštro protivio nastojanjima Gruzije i Ukrajine za članstvo u NATO-u.[30] Do januara 2022. mogućnost da Ukrajina uđe u NATO ostala je udaljena.[31]
Janukovič je 2009. objavio svoju nameru da se ponovo kandiduje za predsednika na Ukrajinskim predsedničkim izborima 2010. godine,[32] na kojima je potom pobedio.[33] U novembru 2013. izbio je talas velikih proevropsko unijskih (EU) protesta kao odgovor na Janukovičevu iznenadnu odluku da ne potpiše Sporazum o pridruživanju EU-Ukrajina, i umesto toga da je izabrao bliže veze sa Rusijom i Evroazijskom ekonomskom unijom. Dana 22. februara 2013. godine, ukrajinski parlament je velikom većinom odobrio finalizaciju sporazuma Ukrajine sa EU.[34] Posle toga, Rusija je izvršila pritisak na Ukrajinu da odbije ovaj sporazum preteći sankcijama. Savetnik Kremlja Sergej Glazjev izjavio je da Rusija ne bi mogla da garantuje status Ukrajine kao države ukoliko bi sporazum bio potpisan.[35][36]
Evromajdan, Revolucija dostojanstva i proruski nemiri
uredi
Dana 21. februara 2014, nakon višemesečnih protesta u okviru pokreta Evromajdan, Janukovič i lideri parlamentarne opozicije potpisali su sporazum o nagodbi koji je predviđao prevremene izbore. Sledećeg dana, Janukovič je pobegao iz prestonice uoči glasanja o opozivu kojim su mu oduzeta ovlašćenja predsednika.[37][38][39][40] Rada (Ukrajinski parlament) je 23. februara usvojila predlog zakona o ukidanju zakona iz 2012. kojim je ruski jezik postao službeni.[41] Predlog zakona nije usvojen,[42] ali je predlog izazvao negativne reakcije u ruskim govornim područjima Ukrajine,[43] koje su pojačali ruski mediji tvrdeći da je etničko rusko stanovništvo u neposrednoj opasnosti.[44]
Dana 27. februara je uspostavljena privremena vlada i raspisani su vanredni predsednički izbori. Sledećeg dana Janukovič se ponovo pojavio u Rusiji i na konferenciji za novinare izjavio da ostaje vršilac dužnosti predsednika Ukrajine, baš u trenutku kada Rusija počinje vojnu kampanju na Krimu. Lideri ruskog govornog područja istočnih regiona Ukrajine proglasili su trajnu lojalnost Janukoviču,[38][45] što je izazvalo proruske nemire u Ukrajini 2014.
Srpski dobrovoljci
urediSrbija je zakonski zabranili svojim državljanima da ratuju u Ukrajini. Međutim, nekoliko njih je otišlo. Jedni od njih su Radomir Počuča i Dejan Berić. Počuča je osuđen,[46] dok se Berić nije ni vraćao u Srbiju.
Vidi još
urediReference
uredi- ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Crowley, Michael; Schmitt, Eric (10. 1. 2022). „Russia Positioning Helicopters, in Possible Sign of Ukraine Plans”
. The New York Times (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 22. 1. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 20. 1. 2022. „American officials had expected additional Russian troops to stream toward the Ukrainian border in December and early January, building toward a force of 175,000.”
- ^ Bengali, Shashank (18. 2. 2022). „The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine.” . The New York Times (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 18. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 18. 2. 2022.
- ^ a b v The military balance 2021. Abingdon, Oxon: International Institute for Strategic Studies. 2021. ISBN 978-1032012278.
- ^ a b v Report on the human rights situation in Ukraine 16 August to 15 November 2017 str. 7-9
- ^ „About 730,000 have left Ukraine for Russia due to conflict - UNHCR”. Reuters. 5. 8. 2014. Arhivirano iz originala 16. 8. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 25. 8. 2014.
- ^ Elizabeth A. Wood, William E. Pomeranz, E. Wayne Merry, Maxim Trudolyubov. Roots of Russia’s War in Ukraine. — Columbia University Press, 2015. — p. 144
- ^ Mark Galeotti. Armies of Russia’s War in Ukraine. — Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019. — p. 64
- ^ Paul D’Anieri. Ukraine and Russia: From Civilied Divorce to Uncivil War. — Cambridge University Press, 2019. — p. 282
- ^ „Vladimir Putin podpisal ukaz o priznanii LNR i DNR”. RIA Novosti (na jeziku: ruski). Pristupljeno 21. 2. 2022.
- ^ „UK says: The Russian invasion of Ukraine has begun”. Al Arabiya English (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2022.
- ^ Taylor, Chloe. „'Invasion of Ukraine has begun,' UK minister says, as Putin orders troops into breakaway regions”. CNBC (na jeziku: engleski). Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2022.
- ^ Parekh, Marcus. „Russia-Ukraine latest news: Kremlin dismisses threat of sanctions, saying 'we are used to it'”. The Telegraph (na jeziku: engleski). ISSN 0307-1235. Pristupljeno 22. 2. 2022.
- ^ BBC : Why has Russia invaded Ukraine and what does Putin want?
- ^ Budjeryn, Mariana (21. 5. 2021). „Revisiting Ukraine's Nuclear Past Will Not Help Secure Its Future”. Lawfare. Arhivirano iz originala 13. 1. 2024. g. Pristupljeno 16. 1. 2024.
- ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. „Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum” (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 5. 3. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 6. 3. 2022.
- ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15. 12. 2009). „On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'”. The Day. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 1. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 7. 3. 2022.
- ^ Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). „With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs” (PDF). DTRA History Series. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 28. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 7. 3. 2022.
- ^ „Istanbul Document 1999”. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 19. 11. 1999. Arhivirano iz originala 1. 6. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 21. 7. 2015.
- ^ Wiegrefe, Klaus (15. 2. 2022). „NATO's Eastward Expansion: Is Vladimir Putin Right?”. Der Spiegel. ISSN 2195-1349. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 3. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 28. 2. 2022.
- ^ Hall, Gavin E. L. (14. 2. 2022). „Ukraine: the history behind Russia's claim that Nato promised not to expand to the east”. The Conversation. Arhivirano iz originala 15. 3. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 14. 3. 2022.
- ^ Leung, Rebecca (11. 2. 2009). „Yushchenko: 'Live And Carry On'”. CBS News. CBS. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 10. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 17. 4. 2020.
- ^ „Study: Dioxin that poisoned Yushchenko made in lab”. Kyiv Post. London: Businessgroup. Associated Press. 5. 8. 2009. ISSN 1563-6429. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 1. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2022.
- ^ „Yushchenko to Russia: Hand over witnesses”. Kyiv Post. Businessgroup. 28. 10. 2009. ISSN 1563-6429. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 11. 2. 2010.
- ^ „The Supreme Court findings” (na jeziku: ukrajinski). Supreme Court of Ukraine. 3. 12. 2004. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 7. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 7. 7. 2008.
- ^ „Ukraine-Independent Ukraine”. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15. 1. 2008. Arhivirano iz originala 15. 1. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 14. 1. 2008.
- ^ Cordesman, Anthony H. (28. 5. 2014). „Russia and the 'Color Revolution'”. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2022.
- ^ „Putin calls 'color revolutions' an instrument of destabilization”. Kyiv Post. Interfax Ukraine. 15. 12. 2011. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 1. 2023. g. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2022.
- ^ Antioranževый miting prohodit na Poklonnoй gore [Anti-orange rally takes place on Poklonnaya Hill] (na jeziku: ruski). RIA Novosti. 4. 2. 2012. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 3. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 4. 3. 2022.
- ^ Brown, Colin (3. 4. 2008). „EU allies unite against Bush over Nato membership for Georgia and Ukraine”. The Independent. str. 24.
- ^ Evans, Michael (5. 4. 2008). „President tells summit he wants security and friendship”. The Times. str. 46. „President Putin, in a bravura performance before the world's media at the end of the Nato summit, warned President Bush and other alliance leaders that their plan to expand eastwards to Ukraine and Georgia 'didn't contribute to trust and predictability in our relations'.”
- ^ Wong, Edward; Jakes, Lara (13. 1. 2022). „NATO Won't Let Ukraine Join Soon. Here's Why.”. The New York Times. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 5. 2023. g. Pristupljeno 12. 3. 2022.
- ^ „Yanukovych tops list of presidential candidates in Ukraine – poll”. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. 2. 6. 2009. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 13. 6. 2009.
- ^ Harding, Luke (8. 2. 2010). „Yanukovych set to become president as observers say Ukraine election was fair”. The Guardian. Kyiv. ISSN 1756-3224. OCLC 60623878. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 2. 2022. g.
- ^ „Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration”. Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 22. 2. 2013. Arhivirano iz originala 11. 1. 2023. g. Pristupljeno 24. 1. 2024.
- ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (ur.). The European Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan. str. 3, 274.
- ^ Walker, Shaun (22. 9. 2013). „Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia”. The Guardian (na jeziku: engleski). ISSN 0261-3077. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 12. 9. 2023.
- ^ „Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25”. Interfax-Ukraine. 24. 2. 2014. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 2. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2015.
- ^ a b „Ukraine President Yanukovich impeached”. Al Jazeera. 22. 2. 2014. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 9. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2015.
- ^ Sindelar, Daisy (23. 2. 2014). „Was Yanukovych's Ouster Constitutional?”. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 7. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2014.
- ^ Feffer, John (14. 3. 2014). „Who Are These 'People,' Anyway?”. The Huffington Post. Arhivirano iz originala 18. 3. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 17. 3. 2014.
- ^ Traynor, Ian (24. 2. 2014). „Western nations scramble to contain fallout from Ukraine crisis”. The Guardian. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 2. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2015.
- ^ Na otmenu zakona o regionalьnыh яzыkah na Ukraine naložat veto [The abolition of the law on regional languages in Ukraine will be vetoed] (na jeziku: ruski). Lenta.ru. 1. 3. 2014. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2015.
- ^ Ayres, Sabra (28. 2. 2014). „Is it too late for Kyiv to woo Russian-speaking Ukraine?”. The Christian Science Monitor. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 1. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2015.
- ^ Kofman, Michael (2017). Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. (PDF). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-9617-3. OCLC 990544142. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 17. 2. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 28. 9. 2021. „By March 26, the annexation was essentially complete, and Russia began returning seized military hardware to Ukraine.”
- ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Robinson, Matt (22. 2. 2014). Roche, Andrew, ur. „Ukraine parliament removes Yanukovich, who flees Kyiv in 'coup'”. Reuters. Gabriela Baczynska, Marcin Goettig, Peter Graff, Giles Elgood. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 6. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 18. 11. 2020.
- ^ „Počuča: Nagodio sam se, ne idem u zatvor zbog Ukrajine”. Radio Slobodna Evropa (na jeziku: srpskohrvatski). Pristupljeno 2. 3. 2022.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi
Podaci na Vikipodacima- Russia-Ukraine War na sajtu Enciklopedija Britanika
- International armed conflict in Ukraine at the Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
- Conflict in Ukraine at the Council on Foreign Relations
- Russo-Ukrainian War at Google News
- War in Ukraine at BBC News Online
- Ukraine interactive map at the Live Universal Awareness Map