Sijera Nevada (SAD)
Sijera Nevada (engl. Sierra Nevada; na španskom „snežni lanac“)[4] planinski je venac u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, u američkoj saveznoj državi Kalifornija. Na nekoliko mesta prelazi i u susednu Nevadu. Lanac je poznat kao Sijera, Visoka Sijera i Sijere.[1]
Sijera Nevada | |
---|---|
Geografske karakteristike | |
Najviša tačka | 4.421[2] |
Koordinate | 37° 26′ S; 119° 20′ I / 37.44° S; 119.34° I |
Dimenzije | |
Dužina | 640[3] km |
Površina | 63.100 km2 |
Geografija | |
Države | SAD |
Republike | Kalifornija, Nevada |
Grupa | Kordiljeri |
Geologija | |
Starost stena | Mezozoik |
Sijera se prostire na dužini od 400 kilometara, u pravcu sever-jug,[3] a široka je oko 110 kilometara u pravcu istok-zapad.[5] Poznate karakteristike planine jesu jezero Taho, najveće planinsko jezero u Severnoj Americi, planina Vitni, visine 4.421 metar[6] i najviša tačka Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i dolina Josemiti izvajana glečerima od stotina miliona godina starog granita. Sijera predstavlja dom tri nacionalna parka, dvadeset divljih oblasti i dva nacionalna spomenika. To su Josemiti, Sekvoja i Kraljev kanjon nacionalni parkovi i nacionalni spomenik Đavolji postpil.
Etimologija uredi
Prvi put iskorišćen 1542. godine od strane Huana Rodrigeza Kabrila da opiše Pacifički Obalski pojas (planine Santa Kruz), termin Sijera Nevada bio je opšte iskorišćen za manje poznate planinske vence u unutrašnjosti.[7] Godine 1777. Pedro Font je ovo ime iskoristio na svojoj mapi za planine koje i danas nose to ime.[8]
Doslovan prevod Snežne planine, od španskih reči sierra - razuđen planinski masiv i nevado - snežan.[9][10]
Geografija uredi
Sijera Nevada leži u centralnoj i istočnoj Kaliforniji, sa veoma malim, ali istorijski važnim, delom u Nevadi. U pravcu zapad-istok, planina se uspinje od 300 metara u Centralnoj dolini do 3.200 metara nadmorske visine na svom grebenu, samo 80-121 km na istoku. Istočne padine planine predstavljaju Sijera Strminu. Za razliku od okoline, planinski okrug prima velike količine snega i padavina zbog ortografskog izdizanja. Okruženje planina na većim nadmorskim visinama, do 1.800 metara, uglavnom je vlažno i močvarno. Planinski prolaz Doner jedno je od najsnežnijih mesta u SAD.
Položaj uredi
Sijera Nevada proteže se od reke Suzan[11] i prolaza Fridonijer[12] na severu do prolaza Tehačapi na jugu.[3] Na zapadu Kalifornije je ograničena Centralnom dolinom, a na jug provincijom Basen i Venac.
Geografska granica Sijere i Kaskadnih planina se praktično ne uočava, a prolaz Fridonijer je tradicionalna granica. Fizičkogeografski gledano, Sijera Nevada je deo pokrajine Sijera-Kaskadne planine, a ona je pak deo većeg, Pacifičkog planinskog masiva.
Slivovi uredi
Sa planine polaze reke Sakramento, sa severozapadnih padina, i San Hoakin, zapadnih-jugozapadnih padina, i to su dva glavna vodotoka Centralne kalifornijske doline koji se na kraju ulivaju u Pacifik. Manje reke na zapadnim padinama su Pero, Juba, Američka Reka, Mokelamn, Stanislav i Tulumn. Sa južnih padina polaze četiri reke, a to su Kraljeva reka, Kaveja, Rio San Pedro i Kern. Ove reke ulivaju se u Tularsko jezero, ali se tokom kišnih godina pridružuju reci San Hoakin.
Sa istočnih padina planine polaze male reke koje nastaju topljenjem snega i ulivaju se u Veliki basen u Nevadi, u istočnoj Kaliforniji. Od severa prema jugu reka Suzan teče u jezero Hani. Reka Traki otiče iz jezera Taho i uliva se u jezero Piramid; reka Karson uliva se u Karson Sink, reka Voker u istoimeno jezero, reka Ovens u istoimeno jezero. Nijedna od ovih reka ne dolazi do mora, međutim, mnogi potoci iz jezera Mono otiču južno do Los Anđeles akvadukta, odakle se voda preusmerava u Južnu Kaliforniju.
Nadmorska visina uredi
Visina planina venca Sijera Nevada povećava se postepeno od severa prema jugu. Između prolaza Fridonijer i jezera Taho, vrhovi su u rasponu od 1.500 do preko 2.700 metara. Greben u blizini jezera visine je 2.700 metara, sa nekoliko vrhova čija se visina približava visini vrha Fril (3.317 metara). Dalje na jugu, najviša planina u nacionalnom parku Josemiti je Lajel, visine 3.999 metara. Venac Sijera raste do skoro 4.300 metara, sa planinom Hamfri blizu Bišopa u Kaliforniji. Konačno, blizu Loun Pajna, planina Vitni dostiže visinu od 4.421 metar i ona predstavlja najvišu tačku u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.
Južno od planine Vitni, visina venca brzo opada. Visina grebena je skoro 3.000 metara kod jezera Izabela, ali južno od jezera vrhovi dostižu skromnih 2.400 metara.[13]
Geološka istorija uredi
Najstarije stene na Sijera Nevadi su metamorfne stene paleozojske starosti, nastale metasedimentacijom stena sa planine Morison u kambrijumu.[14] To su tamno obojeni argilošist, mermer i mikašist i nalaze se u zapadnom podnožju i istočno od Sijera Grebena.[15] Najranije granitne stene na Sijeri formirane su u trijasu. One se uglavnom nalaze istočno od vrha.[16] U trijasu i juri, ostrvski luk sudario se sa zapadnom obalom Severne Amerike i formirao lanac vulkana u događaju zvanom Nevadska orogenija.[17] Gotovo svi nadzemni vulkani Sijere su nestali; njihovi ostaci nestali su stvaranjem Velike doline i kasnijim punjenjem doline tokom kenozoika, koja je danas veliki izvor sedimentnih stena u Kaliforniji.
U kredi je formirana subdukcijska zona na ivici kontinenta.[18] To znači da je okeanska ploča počela da se podvlači pod severnoameričke ploče. Magma formirana tokom subdukcije drevne okeanske Faralonske ploče rasla je duboko pod zemljom i formirala ono što danas zovemo batolit Sijera Nevade.[19]
Klima uredi
Klima u Sijera Nevadi je pod uticajem mediteranske klime u Kaliforniji. Tokom jeseni, zime i proleća, količina padavina u Sijeri kreće se od 210 do 2.030 milimetara, a sneg se javlja iznad 1.800 metara. Količina padavina je najveća na centralnim i severnim delovima zapadnih padina, koje su visine između 1.500 i 2.400 metara.[19] Iznad 2.400 metara količina padavina smanjuje se na zapadnim padinama pa sve do grebena. Veliki deo venca istočno od grebena je u senci kiše i prima godišnje manje od 500 milimetara padavina.[20] Leta su suva sa niskim procentom vlažnosti, međutim, popodnevne oluje su česte, naročito tokom severnoameričkog monsuna. Leti, temperature su uglavnom između 6 i 32 °C. Zime su relativno blage, a temperature su obično niske koliko je potrebno da se održi debeli snežni pokrivač. Zimi temperature idu uglavnom od 2 do -9 °C, a retko kad ispod -18 °C. Sezona cvetanja i buđenja prirode traje od 20 do 230 dana i mnogo zavisi od nadmorske visine.[21] Najviši vrhovi na Sijeri imaju alpsku klimu.
Snežni pokrivač na Sijeri predstavlja glavni izvor vode i značajan izvor električne energije u Kaliforniji.[22] Mnogi rezervoari izgrađeni su u kanjonu tokom 20. veka. Nekoliko velikih akvadukta snabdevaju vodom i poljoprivredna imanja i urbane zone. Međutim, Sijera baca senku kiše koja u velikoj meri utiče na klimu i ekologiju Velikog basena. Senka kiše je u velikoj meri odgovorna i za to što je Nevada najsuvlja država u SAD.[23]
Reference uredi
- ^ a b Muir, John (1894). „Chapter 1: The Sierra Nevada”. The Mountains of California. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 04. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ „Sierra Nevada”. SummitPost.org. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ a b v „Sierra Nevada”. Ecological Subregions of California. United States Forest Service. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 12. 2010. g.
- ^ Carlson, Helen S. (1976). Nevada Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary. University of Nevada Press. str. 215. ISBN 978-0-87417-094-8.
- ^ „Sierra Nevada”. SummitPost.org. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ „Mount Whitney”. NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey.
- ^ Farquhar, Francis P. (mart 1925). „Exploration of the Sierra Nevada”. California Historical Society Quarterly. 4 (1): 3—58. JSTOR 25177743. doi:10.2307/25177743. hdl:2027/mdp.39015049981668. Arhivirano iz originala 7. 11. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 10. 11. 2015.
- ^ Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). „S”. Place Names of the Sierra Nevada. San Francisco: Sierra Club. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 06. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 24. 04. 2022.
- ^ „Sierra”. Etymology Online.
- ^ „Nevada”. Etymology Online.
- ^ „Subsection M261Eb: Fredonyer Butte – Grizzly Peak”. Arhivirano iz originala 5. 12. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2010.
- ^ „Sierra Nevada”. Peakbagger.com. Pristupljeno 7. 8. 2010.
- ^ „Google terrain map”. Pristupljeno 29. 5. 2010.
- ^ Stevens, CH; Greene, DC (2000). „Geology of Paleozoic rocks in eastern Sierra Nevada roof pendants, California”. Geological Society of America. Field Guide 2.
- ^ „Geology and Mineral Deposits of the Mount Morrison Quadrangle, Sierra Nevada, California” (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
- ^ Unger, Tanya S. „Mesozoic Plutonism in the Sierra Nevada Batholith”. Arhivirano iz originala 23. 9. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 22. 10. 2015.
- ^ Shaffer, Jeffrey. „Evolution of the Yosemite Landscape — The Nevadan Orogeny”. One Hundred Hikes in Yosemite. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 5. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 22. 10. 2015.
- ^ Blakely, Ron. „Geologic History of Western US”. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 06. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 24. 10. 2015.
- ^ a b Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995). A Natural History of California. UC Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06922-0.
- ^ „Average Annual Precipitation”. Sierra Nevada Photos. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 2. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 2. 1. 2014.
- ^ „Chapter 33-Ecological subregions of the United States, Sierran Steppe - Mixed Forest - Coniferous Forest”. United States Forest Service. Pristupljeno 30. 8. 2013.
- ^ „Water—Most of California's Water Comes from the Sierra Nevada” (PDF). Sierra Nevada Conservancy. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 5. 7. 2010. g. Pristupljeno 9. 6. 2010.
- ^ „Climatology by state based on climate division data: 1971–2000”. NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory.
Literatura uredi
- Yosemite & The Southern Sierra Nevada: A Complete Guide, Including Sequoia & Kings Canyon, Death Valley & Mammoth Lakes (Great Destinations), by David T. Page, ISBN 978-1-58157-077-9, 2008.
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- John Muir Trail: The Essential Guide to Hiking America's Most Famous Trail, 4th edition, by Elizabeth Wenk with Kathy Morey, ISBN 978-0-89997-436-1, 2007.
- Sierra South: Backcountry Trips in California's Sierra Nevada by Kathy Morey and Mike White, with Stacy Corless, Analise Elliot, Chris Tirrell, and Thomas Winnett, Wilderness Press, ISBN 978-0-89997-414-9, 2006.
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- Ski Tours in the Sierra Nevada: Yosemite, Huntington and Shaver Lakes, Kings Canyon and Sequoia, by Marcus Libkind, ISBN 0-931255-02-3, 1985.
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- California Whitewater: A Guide to the Rivers, by Jim Cassady and Fryar Calhoun, ISBN 0-9613650-2-1, 1995.
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- Sierra Nevada Natural History by Tracy Storer, Robert Usinger, David Lukas ISBN 0-520-24096-0, 2004
- Wild Northern California by Ron Adkinson, ISBN 1-56044-781-8, 2001
- Sierra East: Edge of the Great Basin by Genny Smith, Diana Tomback, Ann Howald, ISBN 0-520-23914-8, 2000
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- Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and its Trails by Jeffrey Schaffer, ISBN 0-89997-244-6, 2000
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- Mammoth Lakes Sierra: A Handbook for Roadside and Trail by Dean Rinehart, Elden Vestal, Bettie E. Willard, ISBN 0-931378-13-3, 1993
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- The Mountains of California Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (8. јун 2014), by John Muir, 1894
- Introduction to California Plant Life, Revised Edition, by Robert Ornduff, Phyllis Faber, Todd Keeler-Wolf, ISBN 0-520-23704-8, 2003.
- Wildflowers of the Eastern Sierra and adjoining Mojave Desert and Great Basin, by Laird R. Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-55105-281-6, 2002.
- Fire in Sierra Nevada Forests: A Photographic Interpretation of Ecological Change Since 1849, by George E. Gruell, ISBN 0-87842-446-6, 2001.
- Conifers of California, by Ronald M. Lanner, ISBN 0-9628505-3-5, 1999.
- Wildflowers of the Sierra Nevada and the Central Valley, by Laird R. Blackwell, ISBN 1-55105-226-1, 1998.
- Sierra Nevada Wildflowers, by Elizabeth L. Horn, ISBN 0-87842-388-5, 1998.
- California Forests and Woodlands: A Natural History, by Verna R. Johnston, Carla J. Simmons (Illustrator), ISBN 0-520-20248-1, 1996.
- A Sierra Nevada Flora, by Norman L Weeden and Amy David, ISBN 0-89997-204-7, 1996.
- Manual of California Vegetation, by Todd Keeler-Wolf and John Sawyer, ISBN 0-943460-26-3, 1995.
- The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (18. октобар 2015) by James C Hickman, ISBN 0-520-08255-9, 1993.
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- Native Shrubs of the Sierra Nevada, by John H Thomas, ISBN 0-520-02738-8, 1974.
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- Mammoth Gold: The Ghost Towns of Lake District by Gary Caldwell ISBN 0-931378-12-5, 1990
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- Yosemite: The Embattled Wilderness by Alfred Runte, ISBN 0-8032-3894-0, 1990.
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- Lost Cement Mine by James W.A. Wright ISBN 0-931378-09-5, 1984
- Owens Valley Groundwater Conflict by Genny Smith ISBN 0-931378-03-6, 1978
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- The Sierra Nevada: A Mountain Journey, by Tim Palmer, ISBN 0-933280-53-X, 1988.
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