Didymictis
Didymictis (Didimiktis — „dvostruka lasica”) je izumrli rod placentalni sisara, iz izumrle potporodice Didymictinae unutar izumrle porodice Viverravidae, koji je u periodu od kasnog paleocena do ranog eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike i Evrope.[5][6][7]
Didymictis kasni | |
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Naučna klasifikacija ![]() | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Tip: | Chordata |
Klasa: | Mammalia |
Kladus: | Carnivoramorpha |
Natporodica: | †Viverravoidea |
Porodica: | †Viverravidae |
Potporodica: | †Didymictinae |
Rod: | †Didymictis Cope, 1875[1] |
Tipska vrsta | |
†Didymictis protenus Cope, 1874
| |
Vrste | |
| |
Sinonimi | |
sinonimi vrste:
|
Etimologija naziva
urediRod: | Porijeklo naziva od: | Značenje naziva: |
---|---|---|
Didymictis | dvostruka lasica[8] |
Vrste: | Porijeklo naziva od: | Značenje naziva: |
---|---|---|
D. altidens | visokozubi Didimiktis | |
D. dellensis |
|
Didimiktis iz Del Krik kamenoloma |
D. leptomylus | Didimiktis sa malim kutnjacima | |
D. protenus |
|
neprekidni Didimiktis |
D. proteus |
|
protejov Didimiktis |
D. vancleveae |
|
vanklivin Didimiktis |
Opis
urediVrste iz roda Didymictis po svom izgledu sličile na današnje cibetke.[9] Ove vrste su imale izdužene i relativno velike lobanje, sa mali i niskim prostorom u lobanji za mozak i sa uskom bazom lobanje. Okcipitalna i sagitalna krijesta na lobanji ovi vrsti je bila visoka. Udovi ovi vrsta su bili umjerene dužine sa petoprstim poludigitigradnim stopalima. Zubna formula kod vrsti iz ovog roda je 3.1.4.23.1.4.2. Zubi kod vrsta iz roda Didymictis se razlikuju od zuba izumrli predstavnika kladusa Carnivoraformes po oštroj razlici između sektorske i tuberkularne dentacije, gubitku poslednjeg kutnjaka i izduženosti drugog kutnjaka, što je slično dentaciji kod medvjeda i rakuna.[10]
Vrsta Didymictis altidens je dostizala veličinu kojota.[11] Prema mišljenju paleontologa, vrste iz roda Didymictis su bile specijalizovani kopneni predatori. Udovi kod ovi vrsta, pogotovo stražnji udovi, su bili prilagođeni trčanju i slični su udovima današnji zvijeri, dok su prednji udovi prilagođeni kopanju.[12]
Didymictis altidens
i lisne kosti zadnje noge vrste
Didymictis altidens
Sistematika
urediKlasifikacija
urediVrste: | Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija: |
Vremenski raspon: |
---|---|---|
†D. altidens (Cope, 1880)[13] | SAD (Vajoming i Kolorado) | 52,4 do 49,2 mil. god. |
†D. dellensis (Dorr, 1952)[14] | Kanada (pokrajina Saskačevan) SAD (Vajoming)[15] |
57,8 do 55,8 mil. god. |
†D. leptomylus (Cope, 1880)[16] | SAD (Vajoming[17] i Kolorado) | 54,9 do 54,1 mil. god. |
†D. protenus (Cope, 1874)[18] | SAD (Vajoming, Kolorado i Novi Meksiko) | 54,9 do 52,4 mil. god. |
†D. proteus (Polly, 1997)[19] | Kanada (Alberta) SAD (Vajoming, Južna Karolina i Kolorado) |
57,4 do 54,7 mil. god. |
†D. vancleveae (Robinson, 1966)[20] | SAD (Vajoming[21] i Kolorado) | 50,0 do 49,2 mil. god. |
†D. sp. [Erquelinnes, Hainaut, Belgium] (Dollo, 1909)[22] | Belgija (pokrajina Eno) | 56,0 do 55,2 mil. god. |
Filogenija
urediDolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Didymictis.[23][24][19][25]
Carnivoramorpha |
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Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Didymictis unutar porodice Viverravidae
uredi![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sr/timeline/fpbhaickjxclpb4s1rrhsygyw8fxqyq.png)
Vidi još
urediReference
uredi- ^ Cope, Edward D. (1875). „Systematic Catalogue of Vertebrata of the Eocene of New Mexico: Collected in 1874. Report to the Engineer Department”. Washington D.C.: United States Army, US Government Printing Office: 5—37.
- ^ John H. Burkitt (1995.) "Mammals - A World Listing of Living and Extinct Species", Second Edition
- ^ Simpson, George Gaylord (1937). „Notes on the Clark Fork, Upper Paleocene, fauna”. American Museum Novitates. 954. hdl:2246/2190.
- ^ W. D. Matthew and W. Granger (1915.) "A revision of the Lower Eocene Wasatch and Wind River faunas." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 34(1):1-103
- ^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015.
- ^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
- ^ S. P. Zack (2012) "Deciduous dentition of Didymictis (Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of Creodonta." Journal of Mammalogy 93(3):808-817
- ^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (na jeziku: engleski). U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ R. E. Heinrich & P. Houde (2006) "Postcranial anatomy of Viverravus (Mammalia, Carnivora) and implications for substrate use in basal Carnivora." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:2, 422-435
- ^ Matthew, William Diller (1937). „Paleocene faunas of the San Juan basin, New Mexico”. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. New Series. 30 (1): 46—47. Bibcode:1937Natur.140...46C. ISBN 1-4223-7738-5. OCLC 4673155. doi:10.1038/140046a0.
- ^ E. D. Cope (1881.) "On the Vertebrata of the Wind River Eocene beds of Wyoming." Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 6(1):183-202
- ^ Heinrich, R. E.; Rose, K. D. (1997). „Postcranial morphology and locomotor behaviour of two early Eocene miacoid carnivorans, Vulpavus and Didymictis” (PDF). Palaeontology. 40: 279—306. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2014-09-13. g.
- ^ Cope, Edward D. (1880). „The Bad Lands of the Wind River and their Fauna”. The American Naturalist. 14 (10): 745—748. JSTOR 2449738. doi:10.1086/272667.
- ^ Dorr, J. A. (1952). „Early Cenozoic stratigraphy and vertebrate paleontology of the Hoback Basin, Wyoming”. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 63 (1): 59—94. Bibcode:1952GSAB...63...59D. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[59:ECSAVP]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ R. Secord (2008.) "The Tiffanian Land-Mammal Age (middle and late Paleocene) in the northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 35:1-192
- ^ Cope, Edward D. (1880). „General Notes: The Northern Wasatach Fauna”. American Naturalist. 14: 908. doi:10.1086/272689.
- ^ K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012.) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
- ^ Cope, Edward D. (1874). „Notes on the Eocene and Pliocene Lacustrine Formations of New Mexico, Including Descriptions of Certain New Species of Vertebrates”. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1874. Appendix FF.
- ^ a b P. D. Polly (1997) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53
- ^ Robinson, P. (1966). „Fossil Mammalia of Huerfano Formation, Eocene, of Colorado”. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 21: 48—49.(Plate VII)
- ^ Gunnell, G. F.; Bartels, W. S.; Gingerich, P. D.; Torre, V. (1992). „Wapiti Valley Faunas: Early and Middle Eocene Fossil Vertebrates from the North Fork of the Shoshone River, Park Country, Wyoming”. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan. 28 (11): 247—287. hdl:2027.42/48547.
- ^ Lours Dollo (1909.) "The fossil vertebrates of Belgium" Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 19(1):99 - 119
- ^ Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64.
- ^ P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler (1985) "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128
- ^ S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE
Literatura
uredi- W. B. Scott (1888.) "On some new and little know creodonts." Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 9:155-185
- W. B. Scott (1892.) "A revision of the North American Creodonta with notes on some genera which have been referred to that group." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 44:291-323
- J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
- O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
- W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
- Gunnell, G. F. (2001). Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats. Springer. ISBN 9780306465284.
- Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). „Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837—846.
- David Polly, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). „Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)”. Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019—1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.
- Tomiya, Susumu (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLoS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397 . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146.
- Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; Eric de Bast; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of "Miacis" latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.