Procynodictis

Procynodictis; Vremenski raspon: 50.5–39.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani do srednji eocen
	ilustracija donje vilice vrste; Procynodictis vulpiceps
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Procynodictis; Wortman & Matthew, 1899
Tipska vrsta
	†Procynodictis vulpiceps; Wortman & Matthew, 1899
Vrste
	†Procynodictis progressus; †Procynodictis vulpiceps;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi roda: Plesiomiacis (Simpson, 1945) ; sinonimi vrste: P. progressus: Plesiomiacis progressus (Simpson, 1945) ; Viverravus progressus (Stock, 1935) ; ;

Procynodictis (Procinodiktis — „prije Cinodiktisa”) je izumrli rod placentalni sisara iz kladusa Carnivoraformes, koji je u periodu od ranog do srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[3]^[4]

Etimologija naziva uredi

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Procynodictis	starogrčke riječi pro (stgrč. πρό), koja znači prije i izumrlog roda zvijeri Cynodictis	prije Cinodiktisa^[5]

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
P. progressus	roda Prodaphaenus i latinske riječi progresus (lat. progressus), koja znači napredno	napredni Procinodiktis
P. vulpiceps	roda Prodaphaenus roda lisica Vulpes i starogrčke riječi kefale (stgrč. κεφαλή), koja znači glava	lisicoglavi Procinodiktis

Sistematika uredi

Istorija klasifikacije uredi

Rod Procynodictis je u prošlosti bio uvrštavan unutar izumrle porodice Miacidae, ali je kasnije prepoznat kao predstavnik kladusa Carnivoraformes.

Klasifikacija uredi

Rod: †*Procynodictis* (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†P. progressus (Stock, 1935)^[6]	SAD (Kalifornija)^[7]^[8]	42,8 do 39,7 mil. god.
†P. vulpiceps (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)^[9]	SAD (Vajoming, Juta^[10] i Teksas)	50,5 do 42,8 mil. god.
†P. sp. [San Diego County, California] (Tomiya, 2013)^[11]	SAD (okrug San Dijego u Kaliforniji)	46,2 do 45,7 mil. god.

Filogenija uredi

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Procynodictis.^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Kladus "B"

	†Eogale

?	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

?

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

	†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

	†Messelogale

	†Quercygalidae

Kladus "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

?

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

?

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

?

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

	†Miacis

Kladus "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

?

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

†Procynodictis

	†Procynodictis progressus

	†Procynodictis vulpiceps

?	†Procynodictis sp. (San Diego County, California)

†Harpalodon

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

	†"Miacis" gracilis

	†Tapocyon

	Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes grupa

†Vulpavus grupa

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Procynodictis unutar kladusa Carnivoraformes uredi

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

^ J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."
^ ^a ^b Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). „The principles of classification and a classification of mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 350. hdl:2246/1104.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. str. 9—10. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
^ Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (на језику: енглески). U.S. Government Printing Office.
^ C. Stock (1935.) "Plesiomiacis, a New Creodont from the Sespe Upper Eocene, California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 21(2):119-122
^ D. J. Golz and J. A. Lillegraven (1977.) "Summary of known occurrences of terrestrial vertebrates from Eocene strata of southern California." Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming 15(1):43-65
^ T. S. Kelly (1990.) "Biostratigraphy of Uintan and Duchesnean land mammal assemblages from the Middle Member of the Sespe Formation, Simi Valley, California." Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 419:1-42
^ J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138
^ Anthony R. Friscia and D. Tab Rassmussen (2010) „Middle Eocene Carnivoramorpha of the Uinta Basin, Utah”. Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 79 (1), pp. 51-63
^ Tomiya, Susumu (2013). „New carnivoraforms (Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of California, USA, and comments on the taxonomic status of "Miacis" gracilis” (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 16 (2): Article number 16.2.14A.
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ур.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. стр. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.
^ Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

Литература uredi

O. P. Hay (1902) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
X. Wang (1994.) "Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora: Canidae)." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 221:1-207
Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates. 2725: 1—64.
Donald R. Prothero and Robert J. Emry (1996.) The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America ISBN 978-0-521-43387-7

[1] J. Alroy (2002.) "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals."

[Simpson-2] Simpson, George Gaylord (1945). „The principles of classification and a classification of mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 85: 350. hdl:2246/1104.

[McKenna_&_Bell-3] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. str. 9—10. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[4] J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193

[5] Palmer, Theodore Sherman (1904). Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals (на језику: енглески). U.S. Government Printing Office.

[6] C. Stock (1935.) "Plesiomiacis, a New Creodont from the Sespe Upper Eocene, California." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 21(2):119-122

[7] D. J. Golz and J. A. Lillegraven (1977.) "Summary of known occurrences of terrestrial vertebrates from Eocene strata of southern California." Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming 15(1):43-65

[8] T. S. Kelly (1990.) "Biostratigraphy of Uintan and Duchesnean land mammal assemblages from the Middle Member of the Sespe Formation, Simi Valley, California." Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 419:1-42

[9] J. L. Wortman and W. D. Matthew (1899.) "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, the Viverridae, and Procyonidae." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 12(6):109-138

[10] Anthony R. Friscia and D. Tab Rassmussen (2010) „Middle Eocene Carnivoramorpha of the Uinta Basin, Utah”. Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 79 (1), pp. 51-63

[PEEocenecarnivoraforms-11] Tomiya, Susumu (2013). „New carnivoraforms (Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of California, USA, and comments on the taxonomic status of "Miacis" gracilis” (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 16 (2): Article number 16.2.14A.

[asdff-12] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ур.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. стр. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.

[SoléSmith2014-13] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.

[SoléSmith2016-14] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

[Tomiya2021-15] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

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Procynodictis Vremenski raspon: 50.5–39.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N rani do srednji eocen

ilustracija donje vilice vrste Procynodictis vulpiceps
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Procynodictis Wortman & Matthew, 1899
Tipska vrsta
†Procynodictis vulpiceps Wortman & Matthew, 1899
Vrste
†Procynodictis progressus †Procynodictis vulpiceps
Sinonimi^[1]
sinonimi roda: Plesiomiacis (Simpson, 1945)^[2] sinonimi vrste: P. progressus: Plesiomiacis progressus (Simpson, 1945)^[2] Viverravus progressus (Stock, 1935)