Tapocyon

Tapocyon; Vremenski raspon: 42.8–39.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ srednji eocen
	rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste; Tapocyon robustus
	donja vilica vrste; Tapocyon robustus
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Tapocyon; Stock, 1934
Tipska vrsta
	†Tapocyon robustus; Peterson, 1919
Vrste
	†Tapocyon dawsonae; †Tapocyon robustus;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi vrste: T. robustus: Miacis robustus (Gazin, 1956) ; Prodaphaenus robustus (Peterson, 1919) ; Tapocyon occidentalis (Stock, 1934) ; Uintacyon robustus ; ;

Tapocyon (Tapokion - „pas iz Tapo kanjona”) je izumrli rod placentalni sisara iz kladusa Carnivoraformes, koji je u periodu srednjeg eocena nastanjivao područje Sjeverne Amerike.^[3]^[4]

Etimologija naziva

Rod:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Tapocyon	Tapo kanjona u Kaliforniji, gdje su pronađeni fosilni ostaci ovog roda i starogrčke riječi kion (stgrč. κύων), koja znači pas	pas iz Tapo kanjona

Vrste:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
T. dawsonae	roda Tapocyon i prezimena američkog paleontologa Meri R. Davson	davsonin Tapokion
T. robustus	roda Tapocyon i latinske riječi robustus (lat. robustus), što znači robusan ili snažan	snažni Tapokion

Opis

Vrste iz roda Tapocyon su po veličini dostizale dimenzije današnjeg kojota.^[5]

Ponašanje i paleoekologija

Vrste iz roda Tapocyon su bile predatori koji su se penjali po drveću i tamo vrebali svoj plijen.^[5]

Sistematika

Istorija klasifikacije

Rod Tapocyon je u prošlosti bio uvrštavan unutar izumrli porodica Viverravidae i Miacidae,^[6]^[7] ali je kasnije prepoznat kao predstavnik kladusa Carnivoraformes. Međutim, u istraživanju iz 2016. godine je rod Tapocyon bio uvršten kao primitivni predstavnik mačkolike zvijeri,^[8] ali u istraživanju iz 2021. godine je ova klasifikacija opovrgnuta.^[9]

Klasifikacija

Rod: †*Tapocyon* (Stock, 1934)
Vrste:	Rasprostranjenost fosila i lokacija:	Vremenski raspon:
†T. dawsonae (Wesley & Flynn, 2003)^[10]	SAD (Kalifornija)	42,8 do 39,7 mil. god.
†T. robustus (Peterson, 1919)^[11]	SAD (Vajoming,^[12] Juta,^[13]^[14] Kalifornija i Montana)	42,8 do 39,7 mil. god.

Filogenija

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze roda Tapocyon.^[15]^[16]^[17]^[9]

Carnivoramorpha

†Viverravidae

	†Viverravoidea

?	†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)

?	†Ravenictis

sensu lato

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)

?

†Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)

?

†"Sinopa" insectivorus

Carnivoraformes

Kladus "B"

	†Eogale

?	†"Miacis" sp. (CM 67873 & CM 77299)

	†Gracilocyon igniculus

	†Gracilocyon winkleri

†Gracilocyon solei

†Gracilocyon

?

†Gracilocyon sp. (Jibou, Romania)

	†Gracilocyon rosei

	†Gracilocyon rundlei

†Paramiacis

†Paroodectes

†Oodectes jepseni

†Oodectes

†Oodectes herpestoides

†Oodectes proximus

†Oodectes pugnax

†Uintacyon hookeri

†Uintacyon rudis

†Uintacyon

	†Uintacyon massetericus

	†Uintacyon vorax

†Uintacyon asodes

†Uintacyon edax

	†Uintacyon acutus

	†Uintacyon jugulans

	†Uintacyon gingerichi

	†Xinyuictis

†Zodiocyon

	†Miocyon

	†Simamphicyon

	†Uintacyon sp. (USGS 1983)

	†Messelogale

	†Quercygalidae

Kladus "C"

	†Palaearctonyx

(†Phlaodectes)	†Vulpavus ovatus

†Vulpavus profectus

	†Vulpavus australis

	†Vulpavus canavus

†Vulpavus completus

†Vulpavus

†Vulpavus farsonensis

†Vulpavus palustris

†Vassacyon

	†Dormaalocyon

	†"Miacis" exiguus

†"Miacis" deutschi

?

†Africtis

?

†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus B

†Dawsonicyon

?

†"Miacis" boqinghensis

?

†"Miacis" hookwayi

†"Miacis" latidens

†"Miacis" petilus

?	†Carnivoraformes undet. Genus A

	†Miacis

Kladus "D"

	†Lycarion

	†"Miacis" hargeri

?

†Ceruttia

?

†"Miacis" invictus

†"Miacis" lushiensis

†Neovulpavus

	†Harpalodon

	†Procynodictis

†Prodaphaenus

?

†Walshius

†Tapocyon

	†Tapocyon dawsonae

	†Tapocyon robustus

†"Miacis" gracilis

Carnivora (sensu stricto)

†Gracilocyon/Oodectes grupa

†Vulpavus grupa

(Carnivora [sensu lato])

Vremenska rasprostranjenst roda Tapocyon unutar kladusa Carnivoraformes

Vidi još

Reference

^ Stock, Chester (1934). „New Creodonta from the Sespe Upper Eocene, California”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 20 (7): 423—427. PMC 1076436  . PMID 16577609. doi:10.1073/pnas.20.7.423  .
^ Gazin, C. L. (1956.) "The Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Upper Eocene Strata in the Northeastern Part of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming, Pt. 2, The Mammalian Fauna of the Badwater Area." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 131(8):16–35.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015.
^ J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193
^ ^a ^b „Tapocyon robustus”. San Diego Natural History Museum. Pristupljeno 11. 3. 2017.
^ Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). „Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837—846.
^ Solé, Floréal (1. 9. 2014). „New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes”. Palaeontology (na jeziku: engleski). 57 (5): 963—978. ISSN 1475-4983. S2CID 129314381. doi:10.1111/pala.12097.
^ Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). „Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)”. Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....3p0518T. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994  . PMID 27853569. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518.
^ ^a ^b Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. S2CID 232358160. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.
^ Wesley, G. D.; Flynn, J. J. (2003). „A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species.”. Journal of Paleontology. 77 (4): 769—783. JSTOR 4094822. S2CID 85962560. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0769:AROTCI>2.0.CO;2.
^ O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
^ M. R. Dawson (1980.) "Paleontology and Geology of the Badwater Creek Area, Central Wyoming. Part 20. the Late Eocene Creodonta and Carnivora." Annals of Carnegie Museum 49(4):79-91
^ J. L. Kay (1957.) "The Eocene vertebrates of the Uinta Basin." Utah. Inter-Mountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, Eight Annual Field Conference. 110-14
^ Anthony R. Friscia and D. Tab Rassmussen (2010) „Middle Eocene Carnivoramorpha of the Uinta Basin, Utah”. Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 79 (1), pp. 51-63
^ Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.
^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

Literatura

Clark, John (1939.) "Miacis gracilis, a new carnivore from the Uinta Eocene." Annals of The Carnegie Museum 27, 349-370
Flynn, John J.; Galiano, Henry (1982). „Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming”. American Museum Novitates (2725): 1—64. hdl:2246/5338.
J. J. Hooker (1986.) "Mammals from the Bartonian (middle/late Eocene) of the Hampshire Basin, southern England." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 39(4):191-478
Donald R. Prothero and Robert J. Emry (1996.) The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America Prothero, Donald R.; Emry, Robert J. (13. 6. 1996). The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43387-7. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). „Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837—846.
David Polly, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). „Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade Carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)”. Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019—1027. S2CID 27819519. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.
Tomiya, Susumu (2011). „A new basal caniform (Mammalia: Carnivora) from the Middle Eocene of North America and remarks on the phylogeny of early carnivorans”. PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e24146. PMC 3173397  . PMID 21935380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024146  .

[1] Stock, Chester (1934). „New Creodonta from the Sespe Upper Eocene, California”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 20 (7): 423—427. PMC 1076436  . PMID 16577609. doi:10.1073/pnas.20.7.423  .

[2] Gazin, C. L. (1956.) "The Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Upper Eocene Strata in the Northeastern Part of the Wind River Basin, Wyoming, Pt. 2, The Mammalian Fauna of the Badwater Area." Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 131(8):16–35.

[McKenna_&_Bell-3] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015.

[4] J. J. Flynn (1998.) "Early Cenozoic Carnivora ("Miacoidea")." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193

[Sniddem-5] „Tapocyon robustus”. San Diego Natural History Museum. Pristupljeno 11. 3. 2017.

[Wesley-Hunt-Werdelin-2005-6] Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Werdelin, L. (2005). „Basicranial morphology and phylogenetic position of the upper Eocene carnivoramorphan Quercygale”. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (4): 837—846.

[Sole-2014-7] Solé, Floréal (1. 9. 2014). „New carnivoraforms from the early Eocene of Europe and their bearing on the evolution of the Carnivoraformes”. Palaeontology (na jeziku: engleski). 57 (5): 963—978. ISSN 1475-4983. S2CID 129314381. doi:10.1111/pala.12097.

[TomiyaTseng2016-8] Tomiya, Susumu; Tseng, Zhijie Jack (2016). „Whence the beardogs? Reappraisal of the Middle to Late Eocene 'Miacis' from Texas, USA, and the origin of Amphicyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)”. Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 160518. Bibcode:2016RSOS....3p0518T. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5098994  . PMID 27853569. doi:10.1098/rsos.160518.

[Tomiya2021-9] Tomiya, S.; Zack, S. P.; Spaulding, M.; Flynn, J. J. (2021). „Carnivorous mammals from the middle Eocene Washakie Formation, Wyoming, USA, and their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world”. Journal of Paleontology. 95 (Supplement S82): 1—115. S2CID 232358160. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.74.

[10] Wesley, G. D.; Flynn, J. J. (2003). „A revision of Tapocyon (Carnivoramorpha), including analysis of the first cranial specimens and identification of a new species.”. Journal of Paleontology. 77 (4): 769—783. JSTOR 4094822. S2CID 85962560. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0769:AROTCI>2.0.CO;2.

[11] O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168

[12] M. R. Dawson (1980.) "Paleontology and Geology of the Badwater Creek Area, Central Wyoming. Part 20. the Late Eocene Creodonta and Carnivora." Annals of Carnegie Museum 49(4):79-91

[13] J. L. Kay (1957.) "The Eocene vertebrates of the Uinta Basin." Utah. Inter-Mountain Association of Petroleum Geologists, Eight Annual Field Conference. 110-14

[14] Anthony R. Friscia and D. Tab Rassmussen (2010) „Middle Eocene Carnivoramorpha of the Uinta Basin, Utah”. Annals of Carnegie Museum, vol. 79 (1), pp. 51-63

[asdff-15] Flynn, John J.; Finarelli, John A.; Spaulding, Michelle (2010). „Phylogeny of the Carnivora and Carnivoramorpha, and the use of the fossil record to enhance understanding of evolutionary transformations”. Ur.: Goswami, Anjali; Friscia, Anthony. Carnivoran evolution. New views on phylogeny, form and function. Cambridge University Press. str. 25–63. ISBN 9781139193436. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139193436.003.

[SoléSmith2014-16] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Richard; Coillot, Tiphaine; de Bast, Eric; Smith, Thierry (2014). „Dental and tarsal anatomy of Miacis latouri and a phylogenetic analysis of the earliest carnivoraforms (Mammalia, Carnivoramorpha)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (1): 1—21. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 86207013. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793195.

[SoléSmith2016-17] Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). „New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480.

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Tapocyon Vremenski raspon: 42.8–39.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ srednji eocen

rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste Tapocyon robustus

donja vilica vrste Tapocyon robustus
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Kladus:	Carnivoramorpha
Kladus:	Carnivoraformes
Rod:	†Tapocyon Stock, 1934^[1]
Tipska vrsta
†Tapocyon robustus Peterson, 1919
Vrste
†Tapocyon dawsonae †Tapocyon robustus
Sinonimi
sinonimi vrste: T. robustus: Miacis robustus (Gazin, 1956)^[2] Prodaphaenus robustus (Peterson, 1919) Tapocyon occidentalis (Stock, 1934) Uintacyon robustus