Fizička kosmologija
Fizička kosmologija je grana kosmologije koja se bavi proučavanjem kosmoloških modela. Kosmološki model, ili jednostavno kosmologija, daje opis struktura i dinamike univerzuma najvećih razmera i omogućava proučavanje fundamentalnih pitanja o njegovom poreklu, strukturi, evoluciji i konačnoj sudbini.[1] Kosmologija kao nauka nastala je od Kopernikanskog principa, koji podrazumevaju da se nebeska tela povinjavaju identičnim fizičkim zakonima kao na Zemlji, i Njutnove mehanike, koja je prva omogućila razumevanje tih fizičkih zakona.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg/330px-CMB_Timeline300_no_WMAP.jpg)
Fizička kosmologija, kako se sada razume, počela je razvojem opšte teorije relativnosti Alberta Ajnštajna 1915. godine, praćena velikim opservacijskim otkrićima 1920-ih: prvo, Edvin Habl je otkrio da univerzum sadrži ogroman broj spoljašnjih galaksija izvan Mlečnog Način; zatim, rad Vesta Slifera i drugih pokazao je da se univerzum širi. Ovaj napredak je omogućio da se spekuliše o poreklu univerzuma i omogućio uspostavljanje teorije Velikog praska, od strane Žorža Lemetra, kao vodećeg kosmološkog modela. Nekoliko istraživača i dalje zagovara nekoliko alternativnih kosmologija;[2] međutim, većina kosmologa se slaže da teorija Velikog praska najbolje objašnjava zapažanja.
Dramatični napredak u opservacionoj kosmologiji od 1990-ih, uključujući kosmičku mikrotalasnu pozadinu, udaljene supernove i istraživanje crvenog pomaka galaksije, doveo je do razvoja standardnog modela kosmologije. Ovaj model zahteva da univerzum sadrži velike količine tamne materije i tamne energije čija priroda trenutno nije dobro shvaćena, ali model daje detaljna predviđanja koja se odlično slažu sa mnoštvom različitih zapažanja.[3]
Kosmologija se u velikoj meri oslanja na rad više različitih oblasti istraživanja u teorijskoj i primenjenoj fizici. Oblasti relevantne za kosmologiju uključuju eksperimente i teoriju fizike čestica, teorijsku i opservacionu astrofiziku, opštu relativnost, kvantnu mehaniku i fiziku plazme.
Reference
уреди- ^ For an overview, see George FR Ellis (2006). „Issues in the Philosophy of Cosmology”. Ур.: Jeremy Butterfield & John Earman. Philosophy of Physics (Handbook of the Philosophy of Science) 3 volume set. North Holland. Bibcode:2006astro.ph..2280E. ISBN 978-0-444-51560-5. arXiv:astro-ph/0602280 .
- ^ „An Open Letter to the Scientific Community as published in New Scientist, May 22, 2004”. cosmologystatement.org. 2014-04-01. Архивирано из оригинала 1. 4. 2014. г. Приступљено 2017-09-27.
- ^ Beringer, J.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2012). „2013 Review of Particle Physics” (PDF). Phys. Rev. D. 86 (1): 010001. Bibcode:2012PhRvD..86a0001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.010001 . Архивирано (PDF) из оригинала 2022-10-09. г.
Literatura
уреди- Greene, Brian (2005). The Fabric of the Cosmos. Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-101111-0.
- Guth, Alan (1997). The Inflationary Universe: The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins. Random House. ISBN 978-0-224-04448-6.
- Hawking, Stephen W. (1988). A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. Bantam Books, Inc. ISBN 978-0-553-38016-3.
- Hawking, Stephen W. (2001). The Universe in a Nutshell. Bantam Books, Inc. ISBN 978-0-553-80202-3.
- Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Mitton, Simon (2013). Heart of Darkness: Unraveling the mysteries of the invisible Universe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13430-7.
- Singh, Simon (2005). Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe. Fourth Estate. Bibcode:2004biba.book.....S. ISBN 978-0-00-716221-5.
- Weinberg, Steven (1993). The First Three Minutes. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02437-7.
- Cheng, Ta-Pei (2005). Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology: a Basic Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852957-6. Introductory cosmology and general relativity without the full tensor apparatus, deferred until the last part of the book.
- Baumann, Daniel (2022). Cosmology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852957-6. Modern introduction to cosmology covering the homogeneous and inhomogeneous universe as well as inflation and the CMB.
- Dodelson, Scott (2003). Modern Cosmology. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-219141-1. An introductory text, released slightly before the WMAP results.
- Gal-Or, Benjamin (1987) [1981]. Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy. Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90581-2.
- Grøn, Øyvind; Hervik, Sigbjørn (2007). Einstein's General Theory of Relativity with Modern Applications in Cosmology. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-69199-2.
- Harrison, Edward (2000). Cosmology: the science of the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66148-5. For undergraduates; mathematically gentle with a strong historical focus.
- Kutner, Marc (2003). Astronomy: A Physical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52927-3. An introductory astronomy text.
- Kolb, Edward; Michael Turner (1988). The Early Universe. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-11604-5. The classic reference for researchers.
- Liddle, Andrew (2003). An Introduction to Modern Cosmology. John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-84835-7. Cosmology without general relativity.
- Liddle, Andrew; David Lyth (2000). Cosmological Inflation and Large-Scale Structure. Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-57598-0. An introduction to cosmology with a thorough discussion of inflation.
- Mukhanov, Viatcheslav (2005). Physical Foundations of Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56398-7.
- Padmanabhan, T. (1993). Structure formation in the universe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42486-8. Discusses the formation of large-scale structures in detail.
- Peacock, John (1998). Cosmological Physics . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42270-3. An introduction including more on general relativity and quantum field theory than most.
- Peebles, P. J. E. (1993). Principles of Physical Cosmology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01933-8. Strong historical focus.
- Peebles, P. J. E. (1980). The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08240-0. The classic work on large-scale structure and correlation functions.
- Rees, Martin (2002). New Perspectives in Astrophysical Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64544-7.
- Weinberg, Steven (1971). Gravitation and Cosmology. John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-92567-5. A standard reference for the mathematical formalism.
- Weinberg, Steven (2008). Cosmology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852682-7.
Spoljašnje veze
уреди- Cambridge Cosmology – from Cambridge University (public home page)
- Cosmology 101 – from the NASA WMAP group
- Center for Cosmological Physics. University of Chicago, Chicago.
- Origins, Nova Online – Provided by PBS.
- Gale, George, "Cosmology: Methodological Debates in the 1930s and 1940s", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta (ed.)
- Madore, Barry F., "Level 5 : A Knowledgebase for Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology". Caltech and Carnegie. Pasadena, California.
- Tyler, Pat, and Phil Newman "Beyond Einstein". Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics (LHEA) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- Wright, Ned. "Cosmology tutorial and FAQ". Division of Astronomy & Astrophysics, UCLA.
- George Musser (фебруар 2004). „Four Keys to Cosmology”. Scientific American. Приступљено 22. 3. 2015.
- Cliff Burgess; Fernando Quevedo (новембар 2007). „The Great Cosmic Roller-Coaster Ride”. Scientific American (print). стр. 52—59. „(subtitle) Could cosmic inflation be a sign that our universe is embedded in a far vaster realm?”