Мауријско царство

Историја Јужне Азије ; ; Историја Индије
Камено доба	70.000–7000. п. н. е.
Култура Мергар	7000–3300. п. н. е.
Цивилизација долине Инда	3.300.–1700. п. н. е.
Касна Харапа култура	1700.–1300. п. н. е..
Ведска цивилизација	1500.–500. п. н. е.
· Краљевства античке Индије	· 1200.–700. п. н. е.
Махаџанапади	700.–300. п. н. е.
Царство Магада	684.–26. п. н. е.
· Мауријско царство	· 321.–184. п. н. е.
Средња краљевства Индије	230. п. н. е.–1279. нове ере
· Сатавахана царство	· 230. п. н. е.–199. нове ере
· Кушанско царство	· 60.–240. нове ере
· Гупта царство	· 240.–550.
· Чола царство	· 848.–1279.
Исламски султанати у Индији	1210.–1596.
· Делхијски султанат	· 1206.–1526.
· Декански султанати	· 1490.–1596.
Хојсала царство	1040.–1346.
Виџајанагарско царство	1336.–1565.
Могулско царство	1526.–1707.
Марата царство	1674.–1818.
Колонијална Индија	1757.–1947.
Подела Индије	1947.–
	Историје држава; Република Индија · Пакистан · Бангладеш; Шри Ланка · Непал · Бутан · Малдиви
	Регионалне историје; Пенџаб · Јужна Индија · Тамил Наду · Бенгал · Асам; Пакистански региони · Синд · Тибет

Маурја царство је било пространо царство у древној Индији током гвозденог доба, којом је владала династија Маурја од 322. п. н. е. до 185. п. н. е.^[1] Царство води порекло од краљевства Магада у Индогангској низији (данашњи Бихар и источни Утар Прадеш) на источној страни Индијског потконтинента Главни град царства је била Паталипутра (данашња Патна). Царство је основао Чандрагупта Маурија, који је збацио династију Нанда и уз Чанакјину помоћ брзо ширио своју власт на запад преко централне и западне Индије, искористивши поремећаја локалних власти у по повлачењу на запад војске Александра Великог. До 316. пне царство је потпуно заузело северозападну Индију, победивши и покоривши сатрапе које је поставио Александар. Чандрагупта је затим одбио инвазију Селеука I, освојивши још територија западно од реке Инд.

Територије Маурја царство концептуализоване су као сржна подручја или линеарне мреже раздвојене великим аутономним регионима у радовима научника као што су: историчари Херман Кулк и Дитмар Ротермунд;^[2] Бaртон Стajн;^[3] Давид Лaден;^[4] и Ромила Тапар;^[5] антрополози Мониkа Л. Смит^[6] и Стенли Тамбија;^[5] археолог Робин Конингам;^[5] и историјски демограф Тим Дајсон.^[7]

Максимални опсег Мауриjског царства, као што показује локација Ашокског натписа, што су визуализовали историчари: Винсент Артур Смит;^[8] Р. К. Мајумдар;^[9] и историјски географ Јосеф Е. Шварцберг.^[10]

Маурја царство је било једно од највећих царстава у свету у своје време.^[11]^[12]^[13] На свом врхунцу царство се простирало на северу дуж природних граница Хималаја, на истоку у Асам, на западу у Белуџистан (југозападни Пакистан и југоисточни Иран) и планина Хиндукуш у данашњем Авганистану. Царство су у централне и јужне регије Индије проширили цареви Чандрагупта и Биндусара, али они није обухватало мали део племенских и шумовитих регија код Калинге (данашња Одиша), све док их није покорио Ашока. Царство је пропало око 50 година након што је окончана Ашокина владавина, и распало се 185. п. н. е. са успотављањем династије Шунга у Магади.

Под Чандрагуптом и његовим наследницима, узнапредовале су унутрашња и спољна трговине, пољопривреда и економске активност и проширила се широм Индије захваљујући стварању јединственог и ефикасног система финансија, управљања и безбедности. Након Калингског рата царство је уживало скоро пола века мира и безбедности под Ашоком. Маурјанска Индија је такође уживала у ери друштвене хармоније, верске трансформацију и ширење науке и знања. Чандрагуптино прихватање ђаинизма је појачало друштвену и верску обнову и реформе широм његове државе, док се за Ашокино прихватање будизма говорило да је било темељ владавине друштвеног и политичког мира и ненасиља широм целе Индије. Ашока је подстицао ширење будистичких идеала у Шри Ланку, југоисточну Азију, западну Азију и медитеранску Европу.

Становништво царства је процењена на око 50-60 милиона, што чини Маурја царство једним од најмногољуднијим царстава антике. Период владавине Маурја у јужној Азији арехеолошки спада у време културе северне црне глачане керамике). Арташастра и Ашокини едикти су главни писани извори из доба Маурја. Лављи капител Ашоке из Сарната је постао државни амблем Индије.

РеференцеУреди

^ Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, стр. 16—17, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8 Quote: "Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south."
^ Hermann Kulke 2004, стр. 69-70.
^ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, стр. 74, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, »In the past it was not uncommon for historians to conflate the vast space thus outlined with the oppressive realm described in the Arthashastra and to posit one of the earliest and certainly one of the largest totalitarian regimes in all of history. Such a picture is no longer considered believable; at present what is taken to be the realm of Ashoka is a discontinuous set of several core regions separated by very large areas occupied by relatively autonomous peoples.«
^ Ludden, David (2013), India and South Asia: A Short History, Oneworld Publications, стр. 29—3, ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6, »The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. ... In most janapadas, the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left.«
^ ^а ^б ^в Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE, Cambridge University Press, стр. 451—466, ISBN 978-1-316-41898-7
^ Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE, Cambridge University Press, стр. 453, ISBN 978-1-316-41898-7
^ Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, стр. 16—17, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8, »Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south.«
^ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920), The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Clarendon Press, стр. 104—106
^ Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), An Advanced History of India (Second изд.), Macmillan & Company, стр. 104
^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 2nd ed. (University of Minnesota, 1992), Plate III.B.4b (p.18) and Plate XIV.1a-c (p.145)
^ Ludden, David (2013), India and South Asia: A Short History, Oneworld Publications, стр. 29—30, ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6 Quote: "The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. Outside the palace, in the capital cities, the highest ranks in the imperial elite were held by military commanders whose active loyalty and success in war determined imperial fortunes. Wherever these men failed or rebelled, dynastic power crumbled. ... Imperial society flourished where elites mingled; they were its backbone, its strength was theirs. Kautilya's Arthasastra indicates that imperial power was concentrated in its original heartland, in old Magadha, where key institutions seem to have survived for about seven hundred years, down to the age of the Guptas. Here, Mauryan officials ruled local society, but not elsewhere. In provincial towns and cities, officials formed a top layer of royalty; under them, old conquered royal families were not removed, but rather subordinated. In most janapadas, the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left."
^ Hermann Kulke 2004, стр. xii, 448.
^ Thapar, Romila (1990). A History of India, Volume 1. Penguin Books. стр. 384. ISBN 0-14-013835-8.

ЛитератураУреди

Alain Daniélou (2003). A Brief History of India. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-59477-794-3.
Arthur Llewellyn Basham (1951). History and doctrines of the Ājīvikas: a vanished Indian religion. foreword by L. D. Barnett (1 изд.). London: Luzac.
Burton Stein (1998). A History of India (1st ed.), Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Geoffrey Samuel (2010). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.
H. C. Raychaudhuri (1988) [1967]. „India in the Age of the Nandas”. Ур.: K. A. Nilakanta Sastri. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (Second изд.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0466-1.
H. C. Raychaudhuri; B. N. Mukherjee (1996). Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty. Oxford University Press.
Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India (4th изд.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15481-2.
Irfan Habib; Vivekanand Jha (2004). Mauryan India. A People's History of India. Aligarh Historians Society / Tulika Books. ISBN 978-81-85229-92-8.
J. E. Schwartzberg (1992). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. University of Oxford Press.
John Keay (2000). India, a History. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
John Cort (2010). Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1.
John D Grainger (2014). Seleukos Nikator (Routledge Revivals): Constructing a Hellenistic Kingdom. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-80098-9.
Kailash Chand Jain (1991). Lord Mahāvīra and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0805-8.
Paul J. Kosmin (2014). The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0.
R. K. Mookerji (1966). Chandragupta Maurya and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0405-0.
R. C. Majumdar (2003) [1952]. Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0436-8.
Romila Thapar (2004) [first published by Penguin in 2002]. Early India: From the Origins to A.D. 1300. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8.
S. N. Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.
Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson. ISBN 978-81-317-1677-9.
Thapar, Romila (2013), The Past Before Us, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72651-2

Спољашње везеУреди

[Dyson2018-lead-maurya-1] Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, стр. 16—17, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8 Quote: "Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south."

[FOOTNOTEHermann_Kulke200469-70-2] Hermann Kulke 2004, стр. 69-70.

[Stein2010-3] Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley & Sons, стр. 74, ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1, »In the past it was not uncommon for historians to conflate the vast space thus outlined with the oppressive realm described in the Arthashastra and to posit one of the earliest and certainly one of the largest totalitarian regimes in all of history. Such a picture is no longer considered believable; at present what is taken to be the realm of Ashoka is a discontinuous set of several core regions separated by very large areas occupied by relatively autonomous peoples.«

[Ludden2013-29-4] Ludden, David (2013), India and South Asia: A Short History, Oneworld Publications, стр. 29—3, ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6, »The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. ... In most janapadas, the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left.«

[ConinghamYoung2015b-5] а ^б ^в Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE, Cambridge University Press, стр. 451—466, ISBN 978-1-316-41898-7

[ConinghamYoung2015a-6] Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE, Cambridge University Press, стр. 453, ISBN 978-1-316-41898-7

[Dyson2018-16b-7] Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, стр. 16—17, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8, »Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south.«

[Smith1920-8] Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920), The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Clarendon Press, стр. 104—106

[India1950-9] Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950), An Advanced History of India (Second изд.), Macmillan & Company, стр. 104

[dsal.uchicago.edu-10] Schwartzberg, Joseph E. A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 2nd ed. (University of Minnesota, 1992), Plate III.B.4b (p.18) and Plate XIV.1a-c (p.145)

[Ludden2013-lead-maurya-11] Ludden, David (2013), India and South Asia: A Short History, Oneworld Publications, стр. 29—30, ISBN 978-1-78074-108-6 Quote: "The geography of the Mauryan Empire resembled a spider with a small dense body and long spindly legs. The highest echelons of imperial society lived in the inner circle composed of the ruler, his immediate family, other relatives, and close allies, who formed a dynastic core. Outside the core, empire travelled stringy routes dotted with armed cities. Outside the palace, in the capital cities, the highest ranks in the imperial elite were held by military commanders whose active loyalty and success in war determined imperial fortunes. Wherever these men failed or rebelled, dynastic power crumbled. ... Imperial society flourished where elites mingled; they were its backbone, its strength was theirs. Kautilya's Arthasastra indicates that imperial power was concentrated in its original heartland, in old Magadha, where key institutions seem to have survived for about seven hundred years, down to the age of the Guptas. Here, Mauryan officials ruled local society, but not elsewhere. In provincial towns and cities, officials formed a top layer of royalty; under them, old conquered royal families were not removed, but rather subordinated. In most janapadas, the Mauryan Empire consisted of strategic urban sites connected loosely to vast hinterlands through lineages and local elites who were there when the Mauryas arrived and were still in control when they left."

[FOOTNOTEHermann_Kulke2004xii,_448-12] Hermann Kulke 2004, стр. xii, 448.

[13] Thapar, Romila (1990). A History of India, Volume 1. Penguin Books. стр. 384. ISBN 0-14-013835-8.

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