Mongolska visoravan
Mongolska visoravan je deo Centralnoazijske visoravani[1][2] koji leži između 37°46′-53°08′S i 87°40′-122°15′I i ima površinu od približno 3.200.000 km2 (1.200.000 sq mi). Na istoku je omeđena Velikim Hinganskim planinama, Jinskim planinama na jugu, Altajskim planinama na zapadu i planinama Sajanskim i Hentajskim planinama na severu.[3] Visoravan obuhvata pustinju Gobi, kao i suve stepske regije. Ona ima nadmorsku visinu od oko 1.000 do 1.500 metara, sa najnižom tačkom u Hulunbuiru[4] i najvišom tačkom na Altaju.[3]
Politički, visoravan je podeljena između Mongolije, Kine i Rusije. U Kini, delovi Unutrašnje Mongolije[5] i Sinkjang autonomnih regija leže na visoravni. U Rusiji je visoravan deo Burjatije[6][7] i južne Irkutske oblasti.
Istorija
уредиNa platou su živele i osvajale ga razne grupe, uključujući (hronološki) Sjungnu, Sjanbi, Plavi Turci, dinastija Tang, dinastija Ljao, Mongolsko carstvo i dinastija Ćing.
Promene okruženja
уредиMnoga jezera na Mongolskoj visoravni, poput Čaganskog i Sinkaj jezera, smanjila su se za dve trećine njihove površine. Neka su se potpuno osušila; jezera Huangkihaj i Najman Sihu u potpunosti su presušila između 1980. i 2010. Iako je poraslo nekoliko jezera, poput jezera Istočni Đujan i Had Paoci, u proseku se ukupna površina jezera smanjila za 30%.[8][9]
Reference
уреди- ^ „Mongolia | History, Capital, Map, Flag, Language, Population, Size, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 8. 6. 2020. г. Приступљено 21. 1. 2022.
- ^ „Central Asia | Britannica”. www.britannica.com (на језику: енглески). Архивирано из оригинала 7. 11. 2020. г. Приступљено 21. 1. 2022.
- ^ а б Zhang, Xueyan; Hu, Yunfeng; Zhuang, Dafang; Qi, Yongqing; Ma, Xin (2009). „NDVI spatial pattern and its differentiation on the Mongolian Plateau”. Journal of Geographical Sciences. Springer-Verlag. 19 (4): 405. doi:10.1007/s11442-009-0403-7.
- ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, ур. (2019). China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017. Beijing: China Statistics Press. стр. 46. Архивирано из оригинала 18. 6. 2019. г. Приступљено 11. 1. 2020.
- ^ „The exhibition "Iris Russia"”. flower-iris.ru. Приступљено 23. 1. 2015.
- ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
- ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
- ^ „Shrinking Lakes on the Mongolian Plateau”. NASA. 8. 4. 2015. Приступљено 26. 11. 2016.
- ^ Tao, Shengli; Fang, Jingyun; Zhao, Xia; Zhao, Shuqing; Shen, Haihua; Hu, Huifeng; Tang, Zhiyao; Wang, Zhiheng; Guo, Qinghua (17. 2. 2015). „Rapid loss of lakes on the Mongolian Plateau”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (7): 2281—2286. PMC 4343146 . PMID 25646423. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411748112.
Literatura
уреди- Baumer, Christoph. 2000. Southern Silk Road: In the Footsteps of Sir Aurel Stein and Sven Hedin. Bangkok: White Orchid Books.
- Bellér-Hann, Ildikó (2008). Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur. Brill. ISBN 978-9004166752.
- Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE. Draft annotated English translation. [1]
- Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
- Mallory, J.P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. Thames & Hudson. London. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.
- Edme Mentelle; Malte Conrad Brun (dit Conrad) Malte-Brun; Pierre-Etienne Herbin de Halle (1804). Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde, Volume 12 (на језику: француски). H. Tardieu. Приступљено 10. 3. 2014.
- Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (illustrated изд.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804729338. Приступљено 10. 3. 2014.
- Stein, Aurel M. 1907. Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [2]
- Stein, Aurel M. 1921. Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China, 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. [3]
- Stein Aurel M. 1928. Innermost Asia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Iran, 5 vols. Clarendon Press. Reprint: New Delhi. Cosmo Publications. 1981.
- John, Ranjeet; et al. (2013). „Vegetation response to extreme climate events on the Mongolian Plateau from 2000 to 2010”. Environmental Research Letters. IOP Publishing. 8 (3): 035033. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/035033 .
- „Mongolian Plateau region, Mongolia and China”. Britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2. 8. 1999. Приступљено 26. 11. 2016.
- Jarring, Gunnar (1997). "The toponym Takla-makan", Turkic Languages, Vol. 1, pp. 227–240.
- Hopkirk, Peter (1980). Foreign Devils on the Silk Road: The Search for the Lost Cities and Treasures of Chinese Central Asia. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 0-87023-435-8.
- Hopkirk, Peter (1994). The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia. ISBN 1-56836-022-3.
- Tamm, Eric Enno (2010). The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds. Vancouver/Toronto/Berkeley: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 9781553652694 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-55365-638-8 (ebook).
- Warner, Thomas T. (2004). Desert Meteorology. Cambridge University Press, 612 pages. ISBN 0-521-81798-6.
- Cariou, Alain (2010). „Taklamakan”. Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ур. (1911). „Takla Makan”. Encyclopædia Britannica (на језику: енглески). 26 (11 изд.). Cambridge University Press. стр. 365—366.
- Tian, Fei; Lu, Xinbian; Zheng, Songqing; Zhang, Hongfang; Rong, Yuanshuai; Yang, Debin; Liu, Naigui (2017-06-26). „Structure and Filling Characteristics of Paleokarst Reservoirs in the Northern Tarim Basin, Revealed by Outcrop, Core and Borehole Images”. Open Geosciences. 9 (1): 266—280. Bibcode:2017OGeo....9...22T. ISSN 2391-5447. doi:10.1515/geo-2017-0022 .
- Boliang, H., 1992, Petroleum Geology and Prospects of Tarim (Talimu) Basin, China, In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978-1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330
- „Natural Gas Geochemistry in the Tarim Basin, China and Its Indication to Gas Filling History, by Tongwei Zhang, Quanyou Liu, Jinxing Dai, and Yongchun Tang, #10131”. www.searchanddiscovery.net. 2007. Архивирано из оригинала 2008-10-26. г.
- Karen Teo (4. 1. 2005). „Doubts over Sinopec oil find in Tarim”. thestandard.com.hk. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 3. 2011. г.
- „Baker Hughes Signs Strategic Framework Agreement with PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Co.”. bakerhughes.com. 10. 6. 2010. Архивирано из оригинала 19. 6. 2010. г.
- Li, Yan; Wang, Yu-Gang; Houghton, R. A.; Tang, Li-Song (2015). „Hidden carbon sink beneath desert”. Geophysical Research Letters (на језику: енглески). 42 (14): 5880—5887. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.5880L. ISSN 1944-8007. doi:10.1002/2015GL064222 . Генерални сажетак – Inhabitat (2015-09-16).
- Chow, Edward. "Central Asia's Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality", in Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes. National Bureau of Asian Research, 2010.
- Farah, Paolo Davide, Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia, World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim, Imperial College Press (London, UK) & World Scientific Publishing, November 2015. Available at SSRN: Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia
- Dani, A.H. and V.M. Masson, eds. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Paris: UNESCO, 1992.* Gorshunova. Olga V. Svjashennye derevja Khodzhi Barora..., (Sacred Trees of Khodzhi Baror: Phytolatry and the Cult of Female Deity in Central Asia) in Etnoragraficheskoe Obozrenie, 2008, n° 1, pp. 71–82. ISSN 0869-5415.
- Klein, I.; Gessner, U.; Kuenzer (2012). „Regional land cover mapping and change detection in Central Asia using MODIS time-series”. Applied Geography. 35 (1–2): 219—234. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2012.06.016.
- Luong, Pauline Jones (2004). The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8842-9.
- Mandelbaum, Michael, ed. Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994.
- Marcinkowski, M. Ismail. Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Pakistan and Early Ottoman Turkey. Singapore: Pustaka Nasional, 2003.
- Menga, Filippo (2020). Power and Water in Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9780367667351
- Olcott, Martha Brill. Central Asia's New States: Independence, Foreign policy, and Regional security. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996.
- Phillips, Andrew; James, Paul (2013). „National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia”. National Identities. 3 (1): 23—35. S2CID 146570543. doi:10.1080/14608940020028475.
- Hasan Bulent Paksoy. ALPAMYSH: Central Asian Identity under Russian Rule. Hartford: AACAR, 1989. alpamysh: central asian identity under Russian rule Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (9. новембар 2020)
- Soucek, Svatopluk. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
- Rall, Ted. Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East? New York: NBM Publishing, 2006.
- Stone, L.A. The International Politics of Central Eurasia (272 pp). Central Eurasian Studies On Line: Accessible via the Web Page of the International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research: IEI_forum / International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research
- Trochev, Alexei; Slade, Gavin (2019), in Caron, Jean-François (ed.), "Trials and Tribulations: Kazakhstan's Criminal Justice Reforms", Kazakhstan and the Soviet Legacy, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 75–99, ISBN 978-981-13-6692-5, retrieved 4 December 2020.
- Vakulchuk, Roman (2014) Kazakhstan's Emerging Economy: Between State and Market, Peter Lang: Frankfurt/Main. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/299731455
- Weston, David. Teaching about Inner Asia Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (3. април 2008), Bloomington, Indiana: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies, 1989.
- Yellinek, Roie, The Impact of China's Belt and Road Initiative on Central Asia and the South Caucasus, E-International Relations, 14 February 2020.
Spoljašnje veze
уреди- Wong, Edward (2009-07-12). „Rumbles on the Rim of China's Empire - NYTimes.com”. www.nytimes.com. Архивирано из оригинала 2011-12-04. г. Приступљено 2009-07-13.