Istorija Filipina
Istorija Filipina je istorija prostora današnjih Filipina i naroda Filipinaca od praistorije do danas.[1][2][3] Pretpostavlja se da su prvi naseljenici dospeli na Filipine kosristeći čamce ili barke pre bar 67.000 godina sudeći po evidenciji iz 2007. godine o Kalao ljudima.[4] Postoje indikacije da su prvi Filipinosi, pripadnici plemena Aeta, dospeli pre oko 25.000 godina s azijskog kopna prešavši preko prevlake, koja je u to doba još postojala. Za njima su se pre otprilike 6000 godina te ponovno oko 1000. p. n. e. naselili, takozvani Protomalajci, pomorci koji su preko Tajvana naseljavali obale Filipina i Indonezije. Oni su uveli način života karakterističan za mlađe kameno doba poput poljoprivrede (obrada rižinih polja pod vodom) i novog oruđa, te su potisnuli Aete u brda. Doseljenici su dolazili sa juga i zauzimali posede na severu kako su dolazili. Najnoviji rezultati pokazuju, da su filipinska ostrva možda naseljena od doba pleistocena.[5]
Oko 300. p. n. e. na obale Filipina pristaju Deuteromalajci, koji dolaze u velikim brodovima na vesla, barangajima. Oni su primenom novih tehnika, kao što je obrada metala i tkanje označili kraj kamenog doba. Društvene odnose organizovali su u hijerarhiju sličnu onoj na brodu. I danas se jedna seoska zajednica na Filipinima zove Barangaj. Bilo je mnogo malih država austronezijskih plemena, plemena Negrito i drugih. Bilo je i muslimanskih doseljenika iz Malezije, poput Šarifa Kabungsuvana, koji je bio prvi sultan od Maguindana na Filipinima.
Kolonijalno doba uredi
Portugalac Ferdinand Magelan, navigator u službi kralja Španije, pristao je u martu 1521. na ostrvo Samar ploveći pod španskom zastavom od rta Horn prema Molučkim ostrvima. Zahvaljujući njemu, imajući na umu da je istražio i ostala ostrva ovog arhipelaga pokrštavajući usput urođenike, zapadni svet je doznao za postojanje ove ostrvske grupe. U razdoblju vladavine kralja Filipa II , Migelu Lopezu de Legaspi pošlo je za rukom da u ime španskog kralja zaposedne Visajska ostrva. Istodobno je arhipelagu nadenuo ime Las Islas Felipinas, Filipinska ostrva, čime je označen službeni početak španske kolonijalne vladavine koja će potrajati 333 godine. Za vreme kolonijalne vladavine Manila se razvila u pokretača jugoistočne Azije. Između 1604. i 1815. odatle su do Akapulka u Meksiku, jedanput do dvaput godišnje, plovili slavni manilski galeoni natovareni porcelanom, svilom, parfemima i začinima. Na povratku su se na brodove ukrcavali novi doseljenici, misionari i državni službenici. Misionarstvo se odvijalo uspešno i brzo. U provincijskim gradovima vladali su alkaldi, mesne sudije, koji su se doseljavali na Filipine bez ikakve imovine. Urođenicu su prisiljavani da alkaldima prodaju svoje proizvode i od njih kupuju njihove po cenama koje bi ovi odredili. Posledice ovakve jednostrane uprave osećaju se još i danas, naime korupcija i nepotizam među birokratijom su jako rašireni. Francuska revolucija 1789. utrla je put društvenim promenama i na Filipinima. Istinski napredak nastupa tek u 19. veku uporedo s buđenjem nacionalne svesti i pozivom na slobodu.
Američka okupacija uredi
U Špansko-američkom ratu 1898. Amerikanci osvajaju Filipine. Isprva obećana nezavisnost još nije stečena. Na podsticaj ilegalne organizacije Katipunan pokrenut je još u doba španske vlasti opšti ustanak na čelu s Emiliom Aguinaldom, koji je 12. juna 1898. proglasio nezavisnost Filipina i stao na čelo republike koja se nalazila u gerilskom ratu. Prvi civilni guverner Filipina postao je 1901. kasniji američki predsednik Vilijam Hauard Taft. Pod njegovom upravom Amerikanci su ulagali u infrastrukturu i školstvo. Filipinci su postupno stekli autonomiju na regionalnom nivou, a potom 1935. godine i delimičnu državnu autonomiju. Za prvog predsednika izabran je Manuel L. Keson. Tokom Drugog svetskog rata filipinsko-američki odnosi stavljeni su na teško iskušenje. Nakon napada na Pearl Harbor 1941. usledila je japanska invazija na obale Filipina. Tako je zemlja 1942. potpala pod japansku kontrolu. Japan je u oktobra 1943. proglasio Filipinsku republiku i imenovao Hozea Laurela njezinim predsednikom. Amerikanci su već 1944. ponovno osvojili Filipine, a Japanci su kapitulirali 1945. godine.
Nezavisnost i razdoblje posle Drugog svetskog rata uredi
Predsednik Manuel Rohas koji je izabran u aprilu 1946, proglasio je 4. jula iste godine nezavisnost Filipina. Zemlja je dobila ustav po uzoru na američki. Godine 1965, predsednik je postao Ferdinand Markos. Kako bi izbegao reformu Ustava predviđenu za 1973, kojom je predsednička republika trebalo da postane parlamentarna, on je godinu dana pre toga u zemlji proglasio izvanredno stanje koje je potrajalo sve do 1981. godine. Potom je zemljom vladao diktatorski. Korupcija i nepotizam, kojima je vlastiti narod opljačkao za nekoliko milijardi američkih dolara, poprimile su dotad nepojmljive razmere. Vrhunac državnog kriminala bilo je ubistvo vođe opozicije Beninga Akina pri njegovom povratku iz progonstva. Rastući otpor stanovništva i završetak američka potpore naterali su Markosa na beg iz zemlje s rastrošnom suprugom Imeldom Markos. Godine 1986, predsednica je postala Akvinova udovica Korazon Akino. Ona je novim ustavom sprečila zloupotrebu predsedničke vlasti ograničivši mandat predsednika na šest godina, a trajanje izvanrednog stanja na najviše 60 dana. Prva se odluka međutim pokazala kao politička prepreka, pre svega u slučaju predsednika Fidela Ramosa, izabranog 1992. godine, koji je u okviru projekta Filipini 2000 osetno poboljšao prilike u zemlji, i to obzirnom ekonomskom politikom, borbom protiv siromaštva, oštrim merama štednje i suzbijanjem nepotizma. Njega je na položaju nasledio Džozef Estrada tokom čijeg je mandata zemlja ponovno krenula unazad. Međutim, narodu se nije sviđao ponovni povratak na staru korupcijsku ekonomiju, pa je Estrada početkom 2001. smenjen s položaja nakon samo tri godine mandata. Njegovo mesto je zauzela dotadašnja potpredsednica, Glorija Makapagal-Arojo, koja je i 2004. osvojila predsednički mandat. U maju 2010. predsednik je postao Benigno Akino III
Reference uredi
- ^ Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
- ^ Junker, Laura Lee (1998). „Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms”. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 (4).
- ^ Scott 1984.
- ^ „Callao Man' Could Redraw Filipino History : Discovery News”. DNews. Arhivirano iz originala 22. 07. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 09. 03. 2019.
- ^ „Pre-colonial Manila”. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library, Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. 23. 6. 2015. Arhivirano iz originala 9. 3. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 27. 4. 2017.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Official government portal of the Republic of the Philippines.
- National Historical Institute.
- The United States and its Territories 1870–1925: The Age of Imperialism.
- History of the Philippine Islands by Morga, Antonio de in 55 volumes, from Project Gutenberg.
- Philippine Society and Revolution (archived from the original on 2010-01-10).
- The European Heritage Library – Balancing Paradise and Pandemonium: Philippine Encounters with the rest of the World Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (12. новембар 2011)
- Filipiniana, The Premier Digital Library of the Philippines
- Philippine History