Neurologija
Neurologija (od grč. νεῦρον (neûron), "nerv" i sufiksa -logia, "nauka") je medicinska disciplina koja istražuje strukturu, funkcije i bolesti nervnog sistema. Posebno se bavi opisom i objašnjenjem kliničke slike bolesti prouzrokovane patološkim procesima i lezijama u određenim strukturama nervnog sistema ili poremećajima u njegovom funkcionisanju. Neurologija i psihijatrija se delom prepliću. Predmet interesovanja neurologa su centralni nervni sistem (mozak i kičmena moždina), kao i njima bliske strukture krvnih sudova perifernih nerava i veza nerava sa muskulaturom.[1]
 | |
| Sistem | Nervni sistem |
|---|---|
| Bitne bolesti: | neuropatija, demencija, moždani udar, encefalopatija, Parkinsonova bolest, epilepsija, meningitis, mišićna distrofija, migrena, poremećaj pažnje/hiperaktivnost |
| Bitni testovi: | Kompjuterska aksijalna tomografija, MRI skeniranje, lumbalna punkcija, elektroencefalografija |
| Specijalista | Neurolog |
Postoji posebna grana veterinarske neurologije koja se bavi neurologijom životinja.
Neurolog je lekar specijalizovan za neurologiju i obučen da istražuje, dijagnozira i leči neurološke poremećaje.[2] Neurolozi leče bezbroj neuroloških stanja, uključujući moždani udar, napade, poremećaje kretanja kao što je Parkinsonova bolest, autoimune neurološke poremećaje kao što je multipla skleroza, poremećaje glavobolje poput migrene i demencije kao što je Alchajmerova bolest.[3] Neurolozi takođe mogu biti uključeni u klinička istraživanja, klinička ispitivanja i osnovna ili translaciona istraživanja. Dok je neurologija nehirurška specijalnost, njena odgovarajuća hirurška specijalnost je neurohirurgija.[2]
Istorija uredi
Akademska disciplina je počela između 15. i 16. veka radom i istraživanjima mnogih neurologa kao što su Tomas Vilis, Robert Vajt, Metju Bejli, Čarls Bel, Moric Hajnrih Romberg, Dušen de Bulonj, Vilijam A. Hamond, Žan-Marten Šarko, K. Miler Fišer i Džon Holings Džekson. Neo-latinska neurologija se pojavila u različitim tekstovima iz 1610. koji označavaju anatomski fokus na nerve (različito shvaćene kao krvne sudove), a najviše ju je koristio Vilis, koji je preferirao grčki νευρολογία.[4][5]
Obuka uredi
| Neurolog | |
|---|---|
| Zanimanje | |
Vrsta zanimanja | Lekar |
Područje rada | Medicina |
| Opis | |
| Polja rada | Bolnice, klinike |
| Kvalifikacije | M.D. or D.O. (US), M.B.B.S. (UK), D.M. (Doctorate of Medicine) (India), M.B. B.Ch. B.A.O. (Republic of Ireland)[6][7] |
Mnogi neurolozi takođe imaju dodatnu obuku ili interesovanje za jednu oblast neurologije, kao što su moždani udar, epilepsija, glavobolja, neuromišićni poremećaji, lekovi za spavanje, upravljanje bolom ili poremećaji kretanja.
U Sjedinjenim Državama i Kanadi, neurolozi su lekari koji su nakon diplomiranja na medicinskom fakultetu završili period postdiplomske obuke poznat kao specijalizacija iz neurologije. Ovaj dodatni period obuke obično traje četiri godine, pri čemu je prva godina posvećena obuci iz interne medicine.[9] U proseku, neurolozi završe ukupno osam do deset godina obuke. Ovo uključuje četiri godine medicinske škole, četiri godine boravka i opcionu jednu do dve godine stipendije.[10]
Dok neurolozi mogu da leče opšta neurološka stanja, neki neurolozi dobijaju dodatnu obuku fokusirajući se na određenu podspecijalnost u oblasti neurologije. Ovi programi obuke nazivaju se stipendijama i traju jednu do dve godine. Podspecijalnosti uključuju medicinu za povrede mozga, kliničku neurofiziologiju, epilepsiju, neurorazvojne smetnje, neuromuskularnu medicinu, medicinu protiv bolova, medicinu za spavanje, neurokritičku negu, vaskularnu neurologiju (moždani udar),[11] bihejvioralnu neurologiju, dečiju neurologiju, glavobolju, multiplu sklerozu, neuroimaging, neuroonkologiju, i neurorehabilitacije.
U Nemačkoj, obavezna godina psihijatrije mora da bude završena da bi se završila specijalizacija iz neurologije.[12]
Klinički zadaci uredi
Neurologists examine patients who are referred to them by other physicians in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Neurologists begin their interactions with patients by taking a comprehensive medical history, and then performing a physical examination focusing on evaluating the nervous system. Components of the neurological examination include assessment of the patient's cognitive function, cranial nerves, motor strength, sensation, reflexes, coordination, and gait.
In some instances, neurologists may order additional diagnostic tests as part of the evaluation. Commonly employed tests in neurology include imaging studies such as computed axial tomography (CAT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound of major blood vessels of the head and neck. Neurophysiologic studies, including electroencephalography (EEG), needle electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and evoked potentials are also commonly ordered.[13] Neurologists frequently perform lumbar punctures to assess characteristics of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid. Advances in genetic testing have made genetic testing an important tool in the classification of inherited neuromuscular disease and diagnosis of many other neurogenetic diseases. The role of genetic influences on the development of acquired neurologic diseases is an active area of research.
Some of the commonly encountered conditions treated by neurologists include headaches, radiculopathy, neuropathy, stroke, dementia, seizures and epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,[14] Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, head trauma, sleep disorders, neuromuscular diseases, and various infections and tumors of the nervous system. Neurologists are also asked to evaluate unresponsive patients on life support to confirm brain death.
Treatment options vary depending on the neurological problem. They can include referring the patient to a physiotherapist, prescribing medications, or recommending a surgical procedure.
Some neurologists specialize in certain parts of the nervous system or in specific procedures. For example, clinical neurophysiologists specialize in the use of EEG and intraoperative monitoring to diagnose certain neurological disorders.[15] Other neurologists specialize in the use of electrodiagnostic medicine studies – needle EMG and NCSs. In the US, physicians do not typically specialize in all the aspects of clinical neurophysiology – i.e. sleep, EEG, EMG, and NCSs. The American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology certifies US physicians in general clinical neurophysiology, epilepsy, and intraoperative monitoring.[16] The American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine certifies US physicians in electrodiagnostic medicine and certifies technologists in nerve-conduction studies.[17] Sleep medicine is a subspecialty field in the US under several medical specialties including anesthesiology, internal medicine, family medicine, and neurology.[18] Neurosurgery is a distinct specialty that involves a different training path, and emphasizes the surgical treatment of neurological disorders.
Patologija nervnog sistema uredi
Patologija mozga uredi
- Parkinsonova bolest
- Multipleks skleroza
- Alchajmerova bolest
- Demencija
- Koma
- Migrena
- Glavobolja
- Epilepsija
- Vaskularni šlog
- Ishemični šlog
- Hidrocefalija
- Moždani tumor
Patologija moždanih opni uredi
Patologija perifernog nervnog sistema uredi
Patologija kranijalnih nerava uredi
Patologija produžene moždine uredi
- Multipleks skleroza
- Poliomijelitis
- Kompresija produžene moždine
- Mijelopatija kičmene moždine
- Amiotrofična lateralna skleroza
- Siringomijelitis
- Dečja kičmena amiotropija
- Spino-cerebralna degeneracija
- Infarkt produžene moždine
- Tumor kičmene moždine
- Infektivna mijelopatija
Mišićne patologije uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ ACGME (1. 7. 2016). „ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Neurology” (PDF). www.acgme.org. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 13. 1. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 10. 1. 2017.
- ^ a b „Working with Your Doctor”. American Academy of Neurology. Arhivirano iz originala 2. 8. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 28. 10. 2012.
- ^ „Neurological Disorders”. Johns Hopkins Department of Neurology. 24. 2. 2020. Pristupljeno 15. 9. 2021.
- ^ Janssen, Diederik F (2021-04-10). „The etymology of 'neurology', redux: early use of the term by Jean Riolan the Younger (1610)”. Brain (na jeziku: engleski). 144 (4): awab023. ISSN 0006-8950. doi:10.1093/brain/awab023.
- ^ Mehta, Arpan R; Mehta, Puja R; Anderson, Stephen P; MacKinnon, Barbara L H; Compston, Alastair (2021-04-10). „Reply: The etymology of 'neurology', redux: early use of the term by Jean Riolan the Younger (1610)”. Brain (na jeziku: engleski). 144 (4): awab024. ISSN 0006-8950. doi:10.1093/brain/awab024.
- ^ „Medical Practitioners Act, 1927”. Irishstatutebook.ie. 28. 5. 1927. Pristupljeno 30. 3. 2015.
- ^ „Medical Council – Medical Council”. Medicalcouncil.ie. 15. 2. 2010. Arhivirano iz originala 25. 11. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 30. 3. 2015.
- ^ Kumar DR, Aslinia F, Yale SH, Mazza JJ (12. 11. 2014). „Jean-Martin Charcot: The Father of Neurology”. Clin Med Res. 9 (1): 46—9. PMC 3064755
. PMID 20739583. doi:10.3121/cmr.2009.883.
- ^ „Length of Residencies”. Washington University Medical School. Pristupljeno 15. 9. 2021.
- ^ „Neurologist Profie” (PDF). Education Portal. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 24. 02. 2017. g. Pristupljeno 23. 2. 2017.
- ^ „ABMS Guide to Medical Specialties” (PDF). American Board of Medical Specialties. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 23. 9. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 26. 11. 2012.
- ^ Thiels, Cornelia (decembar 2013). „Neurology in the German training system for psychiatrists – a personal view”. The British Journal of Psychiatry (na jeziku: engleski). 203 (6): 399—400. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 24297784. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126516 .
- ^ „Neurological Diagnostic Tests and Procedures Fact Sheet”.
- ^ „Who Can Diagnose ADHD?”. Additudemag.com. 19. 7. 2007. Pristupljeno 3. 3. 2014.
- ^ „American Clinical Neurophysiology Society”. Acns.org. Pristupljeno 30. 3. 2015.
- ^ „American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology, Inc”. Abcn.org. Pristupljeno 30. 3. 2015.
- ^ „ABEM – Home”. Abemexam.org. Pristupljeno 30. 3. 2015.
- ^ „Specialty and Subspecialty Certificates”. Abms.org. Pristupljeno 30. 3. 2015.
Literatura uredi
- Gross, Charles G. (1999) [1998]. Brain, Vision, Memory: Tales in the History of Neuroscience. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-57135-8.
- Dr.Aman PS, Sohal (2015). „children neuro condition treatment”. Neuroscientist. Blog Publications. 1 (1): 216—221. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 08. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 8. 4. 2015.
- Macmillan, Malcolm (2002). An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage. MIT Press. str. 575. ISBN 978-0-262-63259-1.
- Macmillan, Malcolm (2008). „Phineas Gage – Unravelling the myth”. The Psychologist. British Psychological Society. 21 (9): 828—831. Pristupljeno 10. 9. 2010.
- Paulissian, Robert (1991). „Medicine in Ancient Assyria and Babylonia” (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 5 (1): 3—51. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 17. 07. 2011. g. Pristupljeno 10. 9. 2010.
- Singer, Charles (1956). „Brain Dissection Before Vesalius”. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. Oxford Journals. 11 (3): 261—274. PMID 13346072. doi:10.1093/jhmas/XI.3.261.
- von Staden, Heinrich (1989) [1989]. Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23646-0.
- Tessman, Patrick A.; Suarez, Jose I. (2002). „Influence of Early Printmaking on the Development of Neuroanatomy and Neurology”. Archives of Neurology. 59 (12): 1964—1969. PMID 12470188. doi:10.1001/archneur.59.12.1964. Arhivirano iz originala 29. 8. 2008. g.
- Vesalius, Andreas (1543). De corporis humani fabrica libri septem. Johannes Oporinus. ISBN 0-930405-75-7. available to browse online at the National Library of Medicine
- Wilkins, Robert H. (mart 1964). „Neurosurgical Classic – XVII Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus”. Journal of Neurosurgery. 21: 240—244. PMID 14127631. doi:10.3171/jns.1964.21.3.0240. Arhivirano iz originala 05. 02. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 19. 05. 2022.
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- Capasso, Luigi (2002). Principi di storia della patologia umana: corso di storia della medicina per gli studenti della Facoltà di medicina e chirurgia e della Facoltà di scienze infermieristiche (na jeziku: italijanski). Rome: SEU. ISBN 978-88-87753-65-3. OCLC 50485765.
- Restak, Richard (2000). „Fixing the Brain”. Mysteries of the Mind. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ISBN 978-0-7922-7941-9. OCLC 43662032.
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