Oliver Kromvel

Oliver Kromvel (engl. Oliver Cromwell; Hantingdon, 25. april 1599 — London, 3. septembar 1658) je bio vođa parlamentarnih snaga u Engleskom građanskom ratu. Nakon pobede nad rojalistima, ukinuo je monarhiju i 1653. postao Zaštitnik (engl. Lord Protector) Engleske, Škotske i Irske. Dve godine posle njegove smrti monarhija je obnovljena. Oliver Kromvel je za vreme svoje vladavine vladao kao diktator.

Oliver Kromvel
Portret Olivera Kromvela, naslikao Semjuel Kuper 1656.
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja	(1599-04-25)25. april 1599.
Mesto rođenja	Hantingdon, Kraljevstvo Engleska
Datum smrti	3. septembar 1658.(1658-09-03) (59 god.)
Mesto smrti	London, Komonvelt Engleske
Religija	puritanac
Univerzitet	Kembridž
Porodica
Deca	Ričard Kromvel Henri Kromvel
Mandati Lord protektor Engleske, Škotske i Irske 1653 — 1658. Prethodnik funkcija tek uspostavljena Naslednik Ričard Kromvel
Potpis

Karijera

Član Parlamenta

Kao seoski plemić iz okoline Kembridža, izabran je 1628. za poslanika Donjeg doma engleskog Parlamenta. Bio je jedan od vođa opozicije protiv despotizma kralja Čarlsa I (1625-49). Na Kromvelov zahtev, Parlament je oduzeo kralju komandu nad milicijom i poverio je njemu. Kada je izbio Prvi engleski građanski rat (1642–47), Kromvel je u svojoj grofoviji svojim sredstvima formirao eskadron konjanika i pridružio se Robertu Eseksu, komandantu snaga Parlamenta. Učestvovao je u bici kod Edžhila, 23. oktobra 1642. Ubrzo zatim formirao je svoj konjički puk.

Vojskovođa

U januaru 1644. Kromvel je postavljen za komandanta konjice (general-lajtnanta) Istočnih grofovija (engl. Eastern Association), a narednog meseca postaje član Anglo-škotskog odbora za rat protiv kralja. Pobeda nad kraljevom vojskom kod Marston Mura (2. juna 1644), koja predstavlja prekretnicu rata, bila je Kromvelova zasluga. Tu je Kromvel ispoljio vanredan taktički smisao, a njegovi konjanici (zvani Gvozdeni - engl. Ironsides) uzornu čvrstinu i disciplinu. Naredne godine po uzoru na Kromvelove konjanike Parlament formira Vojsku novog obrasca (engl. New Model Army). U drugom građanskom ratu 1648. Kromvel je savladao škotske rojaliste. Naredne godine ugušio je ustanak u Irskoj, a u bici kod Vustera (3. novembra 1651) katastrofalno je porazio škotske rojaliste.

Diktator

Na čelu vojske, Kromvel je naterao Parlament da sprovede njene osnovne zahteve: naložio je da se 30. januara 1649. pogubi kralj, a zatim 1653. ukida Parlament. Odbivši titulu kralja, od 1653. Kromvel postaje protektor (engl. Lord-Protector) triju kraljevina (Engleske, Škotske i Irske), a u stvari, apsolutni vladar. Pod njim je Engleska znatno ojačala, naročito na moru. Uspešno je ratovao protiv Holandije i Španije. Sahranjen je u Vestminsterskoj opatiji odakle je, posle restauracije kraljevine 1660, njegov leš izvučen i stavljen na vešala, ali mu je 1899. tu podignut spomenik.

Citati

„Ne verujem da je ovaj kralj zao. Ali je zbunjen. I ne može da kaže ne svojoj ženi. Zato ako bog dopusti, ja ću podići vojsku ljudi koji nisu zbunjeni. Ozbiljnih ljudi koji kažu ne tiraniji kraljeva i žena. Ljudi koji se ne zbunjuju oko pravog mesta čoveka i žene, kralja i podanika. I sa ovim strogim, pobožnim ljudima, ja ću jahati. I zvaće nas Gvozdeni jer smo kao gvožđe, čvrsti danju i noću. I kralj će videti da smo nepopustljivi, kao gvozdena motka, i zadovoljiće nas. Kao naše žene!”

„Naša muževnost i stroga jednostavnost jako zbunjuju naše neprijatelje. Jer oni su muškarci, ali se oblače kao žene, noseći perike, raskošna odela i čipke. I za taj greh, ako bude volja božja, mi ćemo ih napasti noću, s leđa, i probiti njihova degenerisana tela našom svetom istinom.”

„Vaš tobožnji strah da će doći do greške, je kao čovek koji bi poslao svo vino van zemlje, da se ljudi ne opiju. Bila bi nepravedna i glupa zavist, uskratiti čoveku njegovu prirođenu slobodu pod izgovorom da je može zloupotrebiti. Kada je zloupotrebi, sudite mu.”

Vidi još

• Vojska novog obrasca

Literatura

• Gažević, Nikola (1974). Vojna enciklopedija (knjiga 4). Beograd: Vojnoizdavački zavod. str. 725. 
• Adamson, John (1990), „Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament”, Ur.: Morrill, John, Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0 
• Adamson, John (1987), „The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647”, Historical Journal, 30 (3): 567—602, S2CID 154769885, doi:10.1017/S0018246X00020896 
• staff, BBC (3. 10. 2014), „The Execution of Charles I”, BBC Radio 4—This Sceptred Isle—The Execution of Charles I., BBC Radio 4, Pristupljeno 4. 11. 2007 
• Carlyle, Thomas, ur. (1845), Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations (1904 izd.), Arhivirano iz originala 26. 06. 2012. g., Pristupljeno 10. 01. 2020  — „All five volumes (1872)” (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 02. 11. 2006. g. Pristupljeno 10. 01. 2020.  (40.2 MB);
• Churchill, Winston (1956), A History of English Speaking Peoples, Dodd, Mead & Company, str. 314 
• Coward, Barry (1991), Oliver Cromwell, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-0582553859 
• Coward, Barry (2003), The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-77251-9 
• Durston, Christopher (1998), „The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals (CXIII (450))” (PDF), English Historical Review, CXIII (450), str. 18—37, ISSN 0013-8266, doi:10.1093/ehr/CXIII.450.18  (potrebna pretplata)
• Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1886), History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649, Longmans, Green, and Company 
• Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901), Oliver Cromwell, ISBN 978-1-4179-4961-8, Arhivirano iz originala 05. 06. 2011. g., Pristupljeno 10. 01. 2020 
• Gaunt, Peter (1996), Oliver Cromwell, Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-18356-3 
• Hirst, Derek (1990), „The Lord Protector, 1653-8”, Ur.: Morrill, John, Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0 
• Jendrysik, mark (2007), Explaining the English Revolution: Hobbes and His Contemporaries, Lexington, ISBN 978-0739121818 
• Kenyon, John; Ohlmeyer, Jane, ur. (2000), The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-280278-1, Arhivirano iz originala 05. 06. 2011. g., Pristupljeno 10. 01. 2020 
• Kishlansky, Mark (1990), „Saye What?”, Historical Journal, 33 (4): 917—937, S2CID 248823719, doi:10.1017/S0018246X00013819 
• Lenihan, Padraig (2000), Confederate Catholics at War, Cork University Press, ISBN 978-1-85918-244-4 
• Lenihan, Padraig (2007), Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727 (Longman History of Ireland), Routledge, ISBN 978-0582772175 
• Macaulay, James (1891), Cromwell Anecdotes, London: Hodder 
• McMains, H.F. (2015), The Death of Oliver Cromwell, University Press of Kentucky, str. 75, ISBN 978-0-8131-5910-2 
• Masson, David (1877), The Life of John Milton: 1654-1660, 5 (7 volumes izd.), str. 354 
• Morrill, John (1990), „Cromwell and his contemporaries”, Ur.: Morrill, John, Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0 
• Morrill, John (1990), „The Making of Oliver Cromwell”, Ur.: Morrill, John, Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0 
• Morrill, John; Baker, Phillip (2008), „Oliver Cromwell, the Regicide and the Sons of Zeruiah”, Ur.: Smith, David Lee, Cromwell and the Interregnum: The Essential Readings, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-1405143141 
• Noble, Mark (1784), Memoirs of the Protectorate-house of Cromwell: Deduced from an Early Period, and Continued Down to the Present Time,..., 2, Printed by Pearson and Rollason 
• O'Siochru, Micheal (2008), God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland, Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-571-24121-7 
• Roots, Ivan (1989), Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, Everyman Classics, ISBN 978-0-460-01254-6 
• Rutt, John Towill, ur. (1828), „Cromwell's death and funeral order”, Diary of Thomas Burton esq, April 1657 – February 1658, Institute of Historical Research, 2, str. 516—530, Arhivirano iz originala 24. 09. 2011. g., Pristupljeno 8. 11. 2011 
• Sharp, David (2003), Oliver Cromwell, Heinemann, str. 60, ISBN 978-0-435-32756-9 
• Woolrych, Austin (1982), Commonwealth to Protectorate, Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822659-8 
• Woolrych, Austin (1990), „Cromwell as a soldier”, Ur.: Morrill, John, Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution, Longman, ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0 
• Woolrych, Austin (1987), Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates, Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-822752-6 
• Worden, Blair (1985), „Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan”, Ur.: Beales, D.; Best, G., History, Society and the Churches, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-02189-0 
• Worden, Blair (1977), The Rump Parliament, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29213-9 
• Worden, Blair (2000), „Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell”, Proceedings of the British Academy, 105: 131—170, ISSN 0068-1202 
• Young, Peter; Holmes, Richard (2000), The English Civil War, Wordsworth, ISBN 978-1-84022-222-7 

Biografski materijal

• Adamson, John. Morrill, John, ur. (1990). „Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament”. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0.  Longman.
• Ashley, Maurice (1958). The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 07. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 10. 01. 2020.  Macmillan. Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan Revolution. 1958. 
• Ashley, Maurice (1969). Cromwell.  excerpts from primary and secondary sources. Cromwell. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. 1969. ISBN 9780131942905. 
• Bennett, Martyn (2006). Oliver Cromwell. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-31922-5. 
• Boyer, Richard E., ed. Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan revolt; failure of a man or a faith? (1966) excerpts from primary and secondary sources. Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan revolt; failure of a man or a faith?. Boston, Heath. 1966. 
• Clifford, Alan (1999). Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate. Charenton Reformed Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9526716-2-6. . Religious study.
• Davis, J. C. (2001). Oliver Cromwell. ISBN 978-0-340-73118-5.  Hodder Arnold.
• Firth, Charles Harding (1900). Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans. ISBN 978-1-4021-4474-5. 
• Fraser, Antonia (1973). Cromwell, Our Chief of Men, and Cromwell: the Lord Protector. Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-0-7538-1331-7. . Popular narrative. Cromwell, the Lord Protector. New York, Dell. 1975. 
• Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. Oliver Cromwell Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. јун 2011). 1901. ISBN 978-1-4179-4961-8.. Classic older biography. Oliver Cromwell. New York, Collier Books. 1962. 
• Gaunt, Peter (1996). Oliver Cromwell. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-18356-3. . Short biography.
• Hill, Christopher (1970). God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell And The English Revolution. Dial Press. ISBN 978-0-297-00043-3. 
• Hirst, Derek. Morrill, John, ur. (1990). „The Lord Protector, 1653-8”. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0.  Longman.
• Kerlau, Yann (1989) "Cromwell", Perrin/France
• Mason, James; Leonard, Angela (1998). Oliver Cromwell. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-29734-0. 
• McKeiver, Philip. "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester. 2007. ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4.
• Morrill, John. Morrill, John, ur. (1990). „The Making of Oliver Cromwell”. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0.  Longman.
• Paul, Robert (1958). The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 06. 2012. g. Pristupljeno 10. 01. 2020. 
• Smith, David, ur. (2003). Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum. ISBN 978-0-631-22725-0.  Blackwell.
• Wedgwood, C.V. (1939). Oliver Cromwell. ISBN 978-0-7156-0656-8.  Duckworth.
• Worden, Blair. "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.). History, Society and the Churches. 1985. ISBN 978-0-521-02189-0. 

Vojne studije

• Durston, Christopher (2000). „'Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England”. History. 85 (278): 247—267. 2000. , ISSN 0018-2648 . Full text online at Ebsco.
• Durston, Christopher (1998). „The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals”. English Historical Review. 113 (450): 18—37. 1998. , ISSN 0013-8266
• Firth, C.H (1921). Cromwell's Army. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-120-3. 
• Gillingham, J. (1976). Portrait of a Soldier: Cromwell. ISBN 978-0-297-77148-7.  Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
• Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane, ur. (2000). The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280278-1. CS1 održavanje: Višestruka imena: spisak urednika (veza)
• Kitson, Frank. Old Ironsides: The Military Biography of Oliver Cromwell Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (5. јун 2011) Weidenfeld Military. 2004. ISBN 978-0-297-84688-8.
• Marshall, Alan (2004). Oliver Cromwell: Soldier: The Military Life of a Revolutionary at War. ISBN 978-1-85753-343-9.  Brassey's.
• McKeiver, Philip. "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester. 2007. ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4.
• Woolrych, Austin (1990). „The Cromwellian Protectorate: A Military Dictatorship?”. History. 75 (244): 207—231. doi:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01515.x. 
• Woolrych, Austin. Morrill, John, ur. (1990). „Cromwell as a soldier”. Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0.  Longman.
• Young, Peter; Holmes, Richard (2000). The English Civil War. Wordsworth. ISBN 978-1-84022-222-7. 

Pregledi ere

• Coward, Barry (2002). The Cromwellian Protectorate. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4317-8. 
• Coward, Barry and Peter Gaunt (2017). The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714, (5th izd.). . , Longman, Coward, Barry; Gaunt, Peter (2017). The Stuart Age: England, 1603-1714. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1138949546. . Survey of political history of the era.
• Davies, Godfrey (1959). The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821704-6. . Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
• Korr, Charles P. (1975). Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649–1658. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02281-2. 
• Macinnes, Allan (2005). The British Revolution, 1629–1660. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-59750-7. 
• Morrill, John. "Cromwell and his contemporaries". In Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution. 1990. ISBN 978-0-582-01675-0.  Longman.
• Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1967). Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments. , in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change Macmillan.
• Venning, Timothy (1995). Cromwellian Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-63388-5. 
• Woolrych, Austin (1982). Commonwealth to Protectorate. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822659-8. 
• Woolrych, Austin (2002). Britain in Revolution 1625–1660. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-927268-6. 

Primarni izvori

• Abbott, W.C. (ed.) (1937–1947). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 4 vols. The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words. Questia.com Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. jun 2012).
• Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition), Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (26. jun 2012). „Gasl.org” (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 02. 11. 2006. g. Pristupljeno 10. 01. 2020.  (40.2 MB);
• Haykin, Michael A. G., ur. (1999). To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell. Joshua Press. ISBN 978-1-894400-03-9. . Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.
• Morrill, John, et al. (eds.). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell: A New Critical Edition, 5 vols. (projected). A new edition of Cromwell's writings, currently in progress. („A New Critical Edition of the Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell”. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 4. 2014. g. Pristupljeno 13. 4. 2014. )
• Roots, Ivan (1989). Speeches of Oliver Cromwell. Everyman classics. ISBN 978-0-460-01254-6. 

Istoriografija

• Davis, J. C (2001). Oliver Cromwell. . 243 pp; a biographical study that covers sources and historiography
• Gaunt, Peter. "The Reputation of Oliver Cromwell in the 19th century", Parliamentary History, Oct 2009, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp. 425–428
• Hardacre, Paul H. "Writings on Oliver Cromwell since 1929", in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939 (Harvard University Press, 1966), pp. 141–59
• Lunger Knoppers, Laura (2000). Constructing Cromwell: Ceremony, Portrait and Print, 1645–1661. , shows how people compared Cromwell to King Ahab, King David, Elijah, Gideon and Moses, as well as Brutus and Julius Caesar.
• Mills, Jane, ed (2012). Cromwell's Legacy. Manchester University Press. CS1 održavanje: Višestruka imena: spisak autora (veza)CS1 održavanje: Tekst viška: spisak autora (veza) online review by Timothy Cooke
• Morrill, John (2003). „Rewriting Cromwell: A Case of Deafening Silences”. Canadian Journal of History. 38 (3): 553—578. ISSN 0008-4107. doi:10.3138/cjh.38.3.553. 
• Morrill, John (1990). „Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell”. Historical Journal. 33 (3): 629—639. 1990. ISSN 0018-246X. . Full text online at JSTOR. Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.
• Worden, Blair. "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in Proceedings of the British Academy (2000) 105: pp. 131–170. ISSN 0068-1202.
• Worden, Blair (2001). Roundhead Reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity. ISBN 978-0-14-100694-9. 

Spoljašnje veze

• The Perfect Politician: Or, a Full View of the Life and Actions (Military and Civil) of O. Cromwell, 1660. —A digitised copy by John Geraghty
• Well established informational website about Oliver Cromwell
• The Oliver Cromwell Project at the University of Cambridge
• Oliver Cromwell World History Database Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (21. август 2020)
• Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution—In Honor of Christopher Hill 1912–2003 Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (5. март 2021)
• The Cromwell Association
• The Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon
• Chronology of Oliver Cromwell World History Database Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (15. октобар 2018)
• Biography at the British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (14. новембар 2019)
• London Gazette report on the trial and execution of Charles I Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (3. јун 2017)
• London Gazette report on the death of Oliver Cromwell Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (8. новембар 2017)
• Oliver Kromvel na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
• „Archival material relating to Oliver Kromvel”. UK National Archives. 
• Oliver Kromvel na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
• Vallely, Paul. The Big Question: Was Cromwell a revolutionary hero or a genocidal war criminal?, The Independent 4 September 2008.
• The Cromwellian Catastrophe in Ireland: an Historiographical Analysis (an overview of writings/writers on the subject by Jameel Hampton pub. Gateway An Academic Journal on the Web: Spring 2003 PDF)
• An Interview with a conservator from the Library of Congress who conserved a document that bears the signature of Oliver Cromwell
• Cromwell (1970) at IMDb