Creodonta
Creodonta (Kreodonta — „mesnati zubi”) je nevažeći kladus i izumrla red placentalnih sisara koja se više ne koristi u naučnoj klasifikaciji. Ovaj red je bio dio miroreda Ferae, i u periodu od ranog paleocena do kasnog miocena je nastanjivao područje Evrope, Afrike, Azije i Sjeverne Amerike.[10][11] Ovaj red sisara je obuhvatala izumrle porodice Hyaenodontidae, Oxyaenidae i Prionogalidae. Stručni naziv za članove ovog reda sisara je kreodonti, ali su takođe znani i pod neformalnim nazivom lažne zvijeri.
Creodonta rani | |
---|---|
rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste Hyaenodon horridus | |
rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste Patriofelis ferox | |
Naučna klasifikacija | |
Domen: | Eukaryota |
Carstvo: | Animalia |
Tip: | Chordata |
Klasa: | Mammalia |
Veliki Red: | Ferungulata |
Mirored: | Ferae |
Red: | †Creodonta Cope, 1875[1] |
Porodice | |
Sinonimi | |
Etimologija naziva uredi
Red: | Porijeklo naziva od: | Značenje naziva: |
---|---|---|
Creodonta | mesnati zubi |
Opis uredi
Predstavnici reda Creodonta posjeduju heterodontne zube (tj. različitih su oblika, kao u većine sisara), koji su oštri i šinjasti, izražene očnjake i karnasalne zube (tj. zube derače), koji imaju krunice u obliku noža i njih koriste da bi kidali meso, pa čak i da bi sjekli hrskavicu i kosti.[11]
Sistematika uredi
Istorija klasifikacije uredi
Red Creodonta je definisan 1875. godine od strane američkog paleontologa Edvarda Drinkera Koupa. Unutar ove grupe su uvršteni izumrli sisari koji su predstavnici porodice Oxyaenidae i roda Didymictis.[1] Kasnije je ova grupa proširena sa porodicama Miacidae (unutar koje su bili uvršteni i predstavnici porodice Viverravidae), Arctocyonidae, Leptictidae, Ambloctonidae i Mesonychidae. Prema mišnjelju E. D. Koupa, red Creodonta predstava prelaznu grupu sisara iz reda bubojedi (Insectivora) u red zvijeri (Carnivora).[12]
Prema mišnjelju Vilijama Diler Matjua iz 1909. godine, red Creodonta je bio uvršten kao podred unutar reda zvijeri.[8] U ovoj klasifikaciji, podred je bio podjeljen u tri podgrupe:
- prilagodljivi kreodonti (Creodonta adaptiva) ili Eucreodi, koju čine porodice Miacidae i Arctocyonidae,
- neprilagodljivi kreodonti (Creodonta inadaptiva), koju čine porodica Mesonychidae i grupa Pseudocreodi (porodice Oxyaenidae i Hyaenodontidae),
- i primitivni kreodonti (Creodonta primitiva), koju čini porodica Oxyclaenidae.
S vremenom klasifikacija reda Creodonta se mjenjala, da bi se na kraju definisala kao grupa u bliskom srodstvu sa zvjerima[13] i čiji su predstavnici samo porodica Oxyaenidae i Hyaenodontidae.[14] U ovaj red sisara dodat i rod Prionogale,[10] koji je kasnije ujedinjen sa rodom Namasector u porodicu Prionogalidae.[15][16] Prema klasifikaciji sisara Tomasa J. D. Halideja iz 2015. godine red Creodonta je bliži srodnik ljuskavcima nego kladusu Carnivoramorpha.[17]
Ipak, najnovija istraživanja vezana za ove sisare ukazuju na to da je red Creodonta nevažeći polifiletski kladus sisara,[18][19][20][21] te da se radi o dva zasebna reda sisara (o redu Oxyaenodonta i redu Hyaenodonta)[22][23] u bliskom srodstvu sa kladusom Carnivoramorpha unutar kladusa Pan-Carnivora. Porodica Prionogalidae je definisna kao dio reda Hyaenodonta.[24][25]
Klasifikacija uredi
Klasifikacija reda Creodonta:
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Filogenija uredi
Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze reda Creodonta.[11][26]
Ferungulata |
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Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ a b Cope, E. D. (1875). On the Supposed Carnivora of the Eocene of the Rocky Mountains. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 27. str. 444—449.
- ^ T. C. Winkler (1893.) "De Gewervelde Dieren van Het Verleden." Palaeontologische Studiën in Telyer’s Museum 1-291
- ^ Kenneth E. Kinman (1994.) "The Kinman System: Toward a Stable Cladisto-Eclectic Classification of Organisms: Living and Extinct, 48 Phyla, 269 Classes, 1,719 Orders", Hays, Kan. (P. O. Box 1377, Hays 67601), 88 pages
- ^ Arthur Sperry Pearse, (1936) "Zoological names. A list of phyla, classes, and orders, prepared for section F, American Association for the Advancement of Science" American Association for the Advancement of Science
- ^ Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59-83.
- ^ Romer, A. S. (1966.) "Vertebrate Paleontology." University of Chicago Press, Chicago; 3rd edition ISBN 0-7167-1822-7.
- ^ Kretzoi, N. (1929.) "Materialien zur phylogenetischen Klassifikation der Aeluroïdeen. X Congres International de Zoologie, Budapest 1927., 2, 1293–1355.
- ^ a b W. D. Matthew (1909.) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
- ^ Trouessart, E. L. (1879.) "Catalogue des mammifères vivants et fossiles. III. Insectivora." Rev. Mag. Zool. 3è ser. 7: 219 – 285.
- ^ a b McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015.
- ^ a b v G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen M.; Jacobs, Louis L. (28. 5. 1998). Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America: Volume 1, Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate Like Mammals. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521355193.
- ^ Cope, E. D. (1884). The Vertebrata of the Tertiary Formations of the West. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. doi:10.3133/70038954.
- ^ McKenna, M. C. (1975). „Toward a phylogenetic classification of the Mammalia”. Ur.: Luckett, W. P.; Szalay, F. S. Phylogeny of the Primates. New York: Plenum. str. 21—46. ISBN 978-1-4684-2168-2. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2166-8_2.
- ^ Van Valen, Leigh M. (1966). „Deltatheridia, a New Order of Mammals”. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 132. hdl:2246/1126.
- ^ Morales, Jorge; Pickford, M.; Salesa, Manuel J. (2008). „Creodonta and Carnivora from the Early Miocene of the Northern Sperrgebiet, Namibia”. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 20: 291—310.
- ^ L. Werdelin and S. M. Cote (2010.) "Prionogalidae (Mammalia, Incertae Sedis)". In: Lars Werdelin and William Joseph Sanders (eds.) "Cenozoic Mammals of Africa". University of California Press, Berkeley, London, New York, pp. 567-568
- ^ Halliday, Thomas J. D.; Upchurch, Paul; Goswami, Anjali (2015). „Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals” (PDF). Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 521—550. ISSN 1464-7931. PMC 6849585 . PMID 28075073. doi:10.1111/brv.12242.
- ^ Polly, P. D. (1994). „What, if anything, is a creodont?”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 14: 42A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592.
- ^ Polly, Paul David (1996). „The skeleton of Gazinocyon vulpeculus gen. Et comb. Nov. And the cladistic relationships of Hyaenodontidae (Eutheria, Mammalia)” (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (2): 303—319. S2CID 84853339. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011318.
- ^ Rose, Kenneth D. (2005). The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8022-3.
- ^ Morlo, M., Gunnell, G. F. and Polly, P. D. (2009) "What, if not nothing, is a creodont? Phylogeny and classification of Hyaenodontida and other former creodonts." In: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts, 2009:152A.
- ^ Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261
- ^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). „Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. S2CID 145972918. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222.
- ^ Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2017). „Taxonomic affinities of the enigmatic Prionogale breviceps, early Miocene, Kenya”. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 31 (6): 784—793. S2CID 91104783. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1393075.
- ^ Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2018). „A reassessment of Prionogale and Namasector (Prionogalidae, Hyaenodonta, Mammalia) with descriptions of new fossils from Napak, Uganda and Koru, Kenya” (PDF). Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia. 20: 114—139.
- ^ Spaulding, M.; O'Leary, M. A.; Gatesy, J. (2009). Farke, Andrew Allen, ur. „Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution”. PLOS ONE. 4 (9): e7062. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7062S. PMC 2740860 . PMID 19774069. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 .
Literatura uredi
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- S. Bajpai, V. V. Kapur and J. G. M. Thewissen (2009). „Creodont and condylarth from the Cambay Shale (Early Eocene, 55-54MA), Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, Western India”. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India. 54 (1): 103—109.