Oxyaenidae

Oxyaenidae; Vremenski raspon: 58.9–39.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasni paleocen do srednji eocen
	rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste; Sarkastodon mongoliensis
	lobanja vrste Machaeroides eothen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Mirored:	Ferae
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Red:	†Oxyaenodonta; Van Valen, 1971
Porodica:	†Oxyaenidae; Cope, 1877
Tipski rod
	†Oxyaena; Cope, 1874
Potporodice
	†Machaeroidinae; †Oxyaeninae; †Palaeonictinae; †Tytthaeninae;
Sinonimi
	sinonimi reda: Oxyaenida (Van Valkenburgh, 2007) ; Oxyaenoodonta (Matsui & Kimura, 2022) ; Oyxaenodonta (Zack, 2019) ; sinonimi porodice: Oxyaenoidea (Osborn, 1910) ;

Oxyaenidae (Oksijaenidae — „oštre hijene”)^[7] je izumrla porodica placentalnih sisara, iz izumrlog reda Oxyaenodonta unutar kladusa Pan-Carnivora, koja je u periodu od kasnog paleocena do srednjeg eocena nastanjivala područje Evrope, Azije i Sjeverne Amerike.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] Ovu porodicu sisara su činile potporodice Machaeroidinae, Oxyaeninae, Palaeonictinae i Tytthaeninae. Stručni naziv za članove ove porodice sisara je oksijaenidi, ali su takođe znani i pod neformalnim nazivom lažne zvijeri.

Etimologija naziva

Red:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Oxyaenodonta	tipskog roda Oxyaena i starogrčke riječi dus (stgrč. ὀδούς), koja znači „zub”	oštrozube hijene

Porodica:	Porijeklo naziva od:	Značenje naziva:
Oxyaenidae	tipskog roda Oxyaena i taksonomskog nastavka -idae	oštre hijene

Opis

Predstavnici porodice Oxyaenidae su bili kopneni predatori i svaštojedi^[12] koji su po svom izgledu nalikovali na predstavnike porodice mačke,^[13] pogotovo predstavnici iz potporodice Machaeroidinae koji su nalikovali na izumrle mačke iz potporodice Machairodontinae. Ovi sisari su posjedovali kratke i široke lobanje sa dubokim vilicama. Svi predstavnici porodice Oxyaenidae su posjedovali karnasalne zube (tj. zube derače), koji imaju krunice u obliku noža i njih su koristili da bi kidali meso, pa čak i da bi sjekli hrskavicu i kost. Kod predstavnika ove porodice sisara su to bili modifikovani prvi gornji par kutnjaka (M₁) i drugi donji par kutnjaka (m₂). Ove vrste sisara nisu posjedovale treći par gornji i donji kutnjaka (M₃/m₃) u svojim vilicama.^[11] Za razliku od predstavnika redova Hyaenodonta i Carnivora, zubi kod sisara iz porodice Oxyaenidae su bili više prilagođeni za drobljenje nego za rezanje.^[14] Predstavnici porodice Oxyaenidae su se kretali plantigradno. Neke vrste su bile sposobne da se penju po drveću. Svoj plijen su vrebale iz zasjede.^[15] i nisu bile prilagođene brzom trčanju.^[16] Najveće vrste iz porodice Oxyaenidae su bile vrste iz roda Sarkastodon, a najmanje su bile iz roda Tytthaena.

ilustracija zuba iz gornje i donje vilice
vuka (red Carnivora) u poređenju sa
vrstama iz roda Hyaenodon
(red Hyaenodonta) i roda Oxyaena
(red Oxyaenodonta)

vrsta Machaeroides eothen (crna boja) u poređenju sa drugim sabljozubim sinapsidima

Evolucija

Predstavnici ove grupe sisara su se pojavili na području današnje Sjeverne Amerike krajem paleocena, odakle su se proširila na područje Evrope i Azije.^[17] Preci ove grupe sisara su po svom izgledu nalikovali na kune, mungose i cibetke. Najraniji znani predstavnik ove porodice sisara je bila vrsta Tytthaena parrisi koja se živjela od srednjeg do kasnog paleocena (od 58,9 do 57,8 miliona godina) na prostora Vajominga (SAD). Najkasniji znani predstavnici ove porodice sisara su bile vrste iz perioda kasnog eocena:

Isphanatherium ferganensis, koja je živjela od 49,2 do 39,7 miliona godina na prostoru Oške oblasti (Kirgistan)
Sarkastodon mongoliensis, koja je živjela od 45,0 do 39,9 miliona godina na prostoru autonomne regije Unutrašnja Mongolija (Kina),
Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae, koja je živjela od 42,8 do 39,7 miliona godina na prostoru Kalifornije (SAD),
i nesvrstana vrsta Machaeroidinae sp. (CM 2386), koja je živjela od 42,8 do 39,7 miliona godina na prostoru Jute (SAD).

Sistematika

Istorija klasifikacije

Porodica Oxyaenidae je ranije bila uvrštavana kao predstavnik izumrlog reda Creodonta.^[9] U kasnijim istraživanjima se pak utvrdilo da je red Creodonta polifiletski red sisara, a ova porodica sisara je uvrštena u zaseban red sisara Oxyaenodonta.

Klasifikacija

Klasifikacija porodice Oxyaenidae:

Red: †Oxyaenodonta (Van Valen, 1971)
Porodica: †Oxyaenidae (Cope, 1877)
Potporodica:	Rod:	Vrste:
†Machaeroidinae (Matthew, 1909)	†Apataelurus (Scott, 1937)	†A. kayi (Scott, 1937) †A. pishigouensis (Tong & Lei, 1986)
	†Diegoaelurus (Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)	†D. vanvalkenburghae (Zack, Poust & Wagner, 2022)
	†Isphanatherium (Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)	†I. ferganensis (Lavrov & Averianov, 1998)
	†Machaeroides (Matthew, 1909)	†M. eothen (Matthew, 1909) †M. simpsoni (Dawson, 1986)
	Incertae sedis:	†Machaeroidinae sp. [CM 2386] (Zack, 2019) †Machaeroidinae sp. [FMNH PM 1506] (Tomiya, 2021) †Machaeroidinae sp. [USNM 173514] (Zack, 2019)
†Oxyaeninae (Cope, 1877)	†Argillotherium (Davies, 1884)	†A. toliapicum (Davies, 1884)
	†Dipsalidictis ^{(parafiletski rod)} (Matthew & Granger, 1915)	†D. aequidens (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †D. krausei (Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991) †D. platypus (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †D. transiens (Matthew & Granger, 1915)
	†Malfelis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)	†M. badwaterensis (Stucky & Hardy, 2007)
	†Oxyaena (Cope, 1874)	†O. forcipata (Cope, 1874) †O. gulo (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †O. intermedia (Denison, 1937) †O. lupina (Cope, 1874) †O. pardalis (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †O. simpsoni (Van Valen, 1966) †O. woutersi (Stucky & Hardy, 2007) †O. sp. [Europe] (Solé, 2011)
	†Patriofelis (Leidy, 1870)	†P. ferox (Marsh, 1872) †P. ulta (Leidy, 1870)
	†Protopsalis (Cope, 1880)	†P. tigrinus (Cope, 1880)
	†Sarkastodon (Granger, 1938)	†S. henanensis (Tong & Lei, 1986) †S. mongoliensis (Granger, 1938)
†Palaeonictinae (Denison, 1938)	†Ambloctonus (Cope, 1875)	†A. major (Denison, 1937) †A. priscus (Matthew & Granger, 1915) †A. sinosus (Cope, 1875)
	†Dipsalodon ^{(parafiletski rod)} (Jepsen, 1930)	†D. churchillorum (Rose, 1981) †D. matthewi (Jepsen, 1930) †D. sp. [UM 71172] (Rose, 1981)
	†Palaeonictis (de Blainville, 1842)	†P. gigantea (de Blainville, 1842) †P. occidentalis (Osborn, 1892) †P. peloria (Rose, 1981) †P. wingi (Chester, 2010)
†Tytthaeninae (Gunnell & Gingerich, 1991)	†Tytthaena (Gingerich, 1980)	†T. lichna (Rose, 1981) †T. parrisi (Gingerich, 1980)

Filogenija

Dolje prikazan kladogram predstavlja filogenetske veze porodice Oxyaenidae.^[8]^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[5]^[22]

Pan-Carnivora

†Hyaenodonta

	†Altacreodus

	†Tinerhodon

?

†Wyolestidae

?

†Simidectes

†Hyaenodonta (sensu stricto)

sensu lato

Carnivoramorpha

†Oxyaenodonta

†Oxyaenidae

†Tytthaeninae

†Tytthaena

	†Tytthaena lichna

	†Tytthaena parrisi

†Oxyaeninae

†Patriofelis

	†Patriofelis ferox

	†Patriofelis ulta

†Protopsalis

†Protopsalis tigrinus

†Malfelis	†Malfelis badwaterensis

†Sarkastodon

	†Sarkastodon henanensis

	†Sarkastodon mongoliensis

†Argillotherium

†Argillotherium toliapicum

†Oxyaena

	†Oxyaena woutersi

	†Oxyaena sp. (Europe)

†Oxyaena lupina

†Oxyaena simpsoni

†Oxyaena pardalis

†Oxyaena gulo

	†Oxyaena forcipata

	†Oxyaena intermedia

†Dipsalidictis transiens

†Dipsalidictis krausei

†Dipsalidictis platypus

†Dipsalidictis aequidens

†Machaeroidinae

†Apataelurus

	†Apataelurus kayi

	†Apataelurus pishigouensis

†Machaeroidinae sp. (CM 2386)

†Machaeroidinae sp. (FMNH PM 1506)

†Machaeroidinae sp. (USNM 173514)

†Isphanatherium

†Isphanatherium ferganensis

?

†Diegoaelurus

†Diegoaelurus vanvalkenburghae

†Machaeroides

	†Machaeroides eothen

	†Machaeroides simpsoni

†Palaeonictinae

†Dipsalodon churchillorum

†Dipsalodon sp. (UM 71172)

†Dipsalodon matthewi

†Ambloctonus

	†Ambloctonus major

	†Ambloctonus priscus

	†Ambloctonus sinosus

†Palaeonictis

†Palaeonictis peloria

†Palaeonictis gigantea

	†Palaeonictis occidentalis

	†Palaeonictis wingi

†Altacreodus/Tinerhodon grupa

†Dipsalidictis

†Dipsalodon

Vremenska rasprostranjenst

Unutar kladusa Pan-Carnivora

Unutar porodice Oxyaenidae

Vidi još

Reference

^ E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
^ L. Van Valen (1971.) "Adaptive zones and the orders of mammals." Evolution, 25(2), 420–428.
^ Van Valkenburgh B. (2007.) "Déjà vu: the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora." Integrative and Comparative Biology 47:47–163
^ Matsui, K.; Kimura, Y. (2022). „A "Mammalian-like" Pycnodont Fish: Independent Acquisition of Thecodont Implantation, True Vertical Replacement, and Carnassial Dentitions in Carnivorous Mammals and a Peculiar Group of Pycnodont Fish”. Life. 12 (2): Article 250. doi:10.3390/life12020250  .
^ ^a ^b Shawn P. Zack (2019). „A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653—689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.
^ Osborn, H. F. (1910). The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. New York, The Macmillan Company.
^ Dixon, Dougal (2008). World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754817307.
^ ^a ^b Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (30. 9. 1991). „Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Contributions From the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141—180. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2010.
^ ^a ^b McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
^ C. M. Janis, J. A. Baskin, A. Berta, J. J. Flynn, G. F. Gunnell, R. M. Hunt jr., L. D. Martin, and K. Munthe (1998.) "Carnivorous mammals." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193.
^ ^a ^b G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193
^ Christison, B. E.; Gaidies, F.; Pineda-Munoz, S.; Evans, A. R.; Gilbert, M. A.; Fraser, D. (2022). „Dietary niches of creodonts and carnivorans of the late Eocene Cypress Hills Formation”. Journal of Mammalogy. 103 (1). doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyab123.
^ Anne E. Kort (2019.) "An early 'cat gap'? An evaluation of oxyaenids as ecological analogues of felids", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 79th annual meeting"
^ Lambert, David; et al. (The Diagram Group) (1985). The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File Publications. ISBN 978-0-8160-1125-4.
^ Kort, A. E.; Ahrens, H.; Polly, P. D.; Morlo, M. (2022). „Postcrania and paleobiology of Patriofelis ulta (Mammalia, Oxyaenodonta) of the Bridgerian (lower-middle Eocene) of North America” (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (6): e2045491. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2045491. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 10. 09. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 24. 09. 2022.
^ Anne E. Kort (2019) "The Paleoecology of Patriofelis ulta and Implications for Oxyaenid Extinction", Thesis for: Master of Science
^ Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261
^ Stephen G. B. Chester; Jonathan I. Bloch; Ross Secord; Doug M. Boyer (2010). „A new small bodied species of Palaeonictis (Creodonta, Oxyaenidae) from the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (4): 227—243. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9141-y.
^ F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications." Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41
^ Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.
^ Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.
^ Zack, Shawn P.; Poust, Ashley W.; Wagner, Hugh (2022). „Diegoaelurus, a new machaeroidine (Oxyaenidae) from the Santiago Formation (late Uintan) of southern California and the relationships of Machaeroidinae, the oldest group of sabertooth mammals”. PeerJ (na jeziku: engleski). 10: e13032. ISSN 2167-8359. doi:10.7717/peerj.13032.

Literatura

E. D. Cope (1880.) "On the genera of the Creodonta." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19:76-82
E. D. Cope (1891.) "On vertebrata from the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks of the North West Territory: The species from the Oligocene or Lower Miocene beds of the Cypress Hills." Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology 3:1-25
O. P. Hay (1902.) "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America." Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 179:1-868
O. A. Peterson (1919.) "Report Upon the Material Discovered in the Upper Eocene of the Uinta Basin by Earl Douglas in the Years 1908-1909, and by O. A. Peterson in 1912." Annals of Carnegie Museum 12(2):40-168
R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: 19 The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
Carroll, Robert L. (1988). Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution (PDF). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. str. 1—698. ISBN 978-0-7167-1822-2.
R. K. Stucky and T. G. Hardy (2007.) "A new large, hypercarnivorous oxyaenid (Mammalia, Creodonta) from the middle Eocene of the Wind River Formation, Natrona County, Wyoming." Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 39:57-65
K. D. Rose, A. E. Chew, R. H. Dunn, M. J. Kraus, H. C. Fricke and S. P. Zack (2012.) "Earliest Eocene mammalian fauna from the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at Sand Creek Divide, southern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming." University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 36:1-122
Susumu Tomiya, Shawn P. Zack, Michelle Spaulding and John J. Flynn (2019.) "Carnivorous mammals from the Middle Eocene Washakie formation, Wyoming, U.S.A., amd their diversity trajectory in a post-warming world", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 79th annual meeting"
Solé, F.; Fischer, V.; Le Verger, K.; Mennecart, B.; Speijer, R. P.; Peigné, S.; Smith, T. (2022). „Evolution of European carnivorous mammal assemblages through the Palaeogene”. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blac002.

Spoljašnje veze

[1] E. D. Cope (1877.) "Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874." Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, in charge of First Lieut. G.M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Vol. IV Paleontology, Part II, pp. 1-365. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

[2] L. Van Valen (1971.) "Adaptive zones and the orders of mammals." Evolution, 25(2), 420–428.

[3] Van Valkenburgh B. (2007.) "Déjà vu: the evolution of feeding morphologies in the Carnivora." Integrative and Comparative Biology 47:47–163

[4] Matsui, K.; Kimura, Y. (2022). „A "Mammalian-like" Pycnodont Fish: Independent Acquisition of Thecodont Implantation, True Vertical Replacement, and Carnassial Dentitions in Carnivorous Mammals and a Peculiar Group of Pycnodont Fish”. Life. 12 (2): Article 250. doi:10.3390/life12020250  .

[Zack-5] Shawn P. Zack (2019). „A skeleton of a Uintan machaeroidine 'creodont' and the phylogeny of carnivorous eutherian mammals”. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (8): 653—689. doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1466374.

[6] Osborn, H. F. (1910). The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. New York, The Macmillan Company.

[7] Dixon, Dougal (2008). World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Lorenz Books. ISBN 978-0754817307.

[Gunnel1991-8] Gunnel, Gregg F.; Gingerich, Philip D. (30. 9. 1991). „Systematics and evolution of late Paleocene and early Eocene Oxyaenidae (Mammalia, Creodonta) in the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming” (PDF). Contributions From the Museum of Paleontology. The University of Michigan. 28 (7): 141—180. Pristupljeno 3. 1. 2010.

[McKenna_&_Bell-9] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Pristupljeno 16. 3. 2015. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)

[10] C. M. Janis, J. A. Baskin, A. Berta, J. J. Flynn, G. F. Gunnell, R. M. Hunt jr., L. D. Martin, and K. Munthe (1998.) "Carnivorous mammals." In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.) "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulatelike Mammals." Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 9780521355193.

[Gunnell1998-11] G. F. Gunnell (1998.) "Creodonta". In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds.), "Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate like Mammals", Cambridge University Press, 703 pages ISBN 9780521355193

[12] Christison, B. E.; Gaidies, F.; Pineda-Munoz, S.; Evans, A. R.; Gilbert, M. A.; Fraser, D. (2022). „Dietary niches of creodonts and carnivorans of the late Eocene Cypress Hills Formation”. Journal of Mammalogy. 103 (1). doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyab123.

[13] Anne E. Kort (2019.) "An early 'cat gap'? An evaluation of oxyaenids as ecological analogues of felids", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 79th annual meeting"

[14] Lambert, David; et al. (The Diagram Group) (1985). The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. New York: Facts on File Publications. ISBN 978-0-8160-1125-4.

[15] Kort, A. E.; Ahrens, H.; Polly, P. D.; Morlo, M. (2022). „Postcrania and paleobiology of Patriofelis ulta (Mammalia, Oxyaenodonta) of the Bridgerian (lower-middle Eocene) of North America” (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 41 (6): e2045491. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2045491. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 10. 09. 2022. g. Pristupljeno 24. 09. 2022.

[Anne2019-16] Anne E. Kort (2019) "The Paleoecology of Patriofelis ulta and Implications for Oxyaenid Extinction", Thesis for: Master of Science

[17] Floréal Solé & Thierry Smith (2013.) "Dispersals of placental carnivorous mammals (Carnivoramorpha, Oxyaenodonta & Hyaenodontida) near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: a climatic and almost worldwide story" Geologica Belgica 16/4: 254-261

[Chester2010-18] Stephen G. B. Chester; Jonathan I. Bloch; Ross Secord; Doug M. Boyer (2010). „A new small bodied species of Palaeonictis (Creodonta, Oxyaenidae) from the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum”. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 17 (4): 227—243. doi:10.1007/s10914-010-9141-y.

[Solé2011-19] F. Solé, E. Gheerbrant and M. Godinot (2011.) "New data on the Oxyaenidae from the Early Eocene of Europe; biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic and paleoecologic implications." Palaeontologia Electronica 14(2):13A:1-41

[20] Solé, F. & Ladevèze, S. (2017.) "Evolution of the hypercarnivorous dentition in mammals (Metatheria, Eutheria) and its bearing on the development of tribosphenic molars." Evolution & Development, 19(2), 56–68.

[21] Prevosti, F. J. & Forasiepi, A. M. (2018.) "Introduction. Evolution of South American Mammalian Predators During the Cenozoic: Paleobiogeographic and Paleoenvironmental Contingencies", Springer Geology. Springer, Cham.

[22] Zack, Shawn P.; Poust, Ashley W.; Wagner, Hugh (2022). „Diegoaelurus, a new machaeroidine (Oxyaenidae) from the Santiago Formation (late Uintan) of southern California and the relationships of Machaeroidinae, the oldest group of sabertooth mammals”. PeerJ (na jeziku: engleski). 10: e13032. ISSN 2167-8359. doi:10.7717/peerj.13032.

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[2]

[1]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

Oxyaenidae Vremenski raspon: 58.9–39.7 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N kasni paleocen do srednji eocen

rekonstrukcija izgleda vrste Sarkastodon mongoliensis

lobanja vrste Machaeroides eothen
Naučna klasifikacija
Domen:	Eukaryota
Carstvo:	Animalia
Tip:	Chordata
Klasa:	Mammalia
Mirored:	Ferae
Kladus:	Pan-Carnivora
Red:	†Oxyaenodonta Van Valen, 1971^[2]
Porodica:	†Oxyaenidae Cope, 1877^[1]
Tipski rod
†Oxyaena Cope, 1874
Potporodice
†Machaeroidinae †Oxyaeninae †Palaeonictinae †Tytthaeninae
Sinonimi
sinonimi reda: Oxyaenida (Van Valkenburgh, 2007)^[3] Oxyaenoodonta (Matsui & Kimura, 2022)^[4] Oyxaenodonta (Zack, 2019)^[5] sinonimi porodice: Oxyaenoidea (Osborn, 1910)^[6]