Astronautika
Astronautika je nauka i inženjerija koja istražuje i razvija tehnologiju koja omogućava putovanja u kosmos, bilo da su ta putovanja sa posadom ili bez nje (veštački satelit). Istraživanja kosmosa ili astronautika je interdisciplinarna nauka koja se bazira na saznanju drugih nauka, kao što su: fizika, aerodinamika, astronomija, matematika, hemija, biologija, medicina, elektronika i meteorologija.
Termin astronautika (prvobitno astronautique na francuskom) je 1920-ih skovao Dž.H. Rosni, predsednik Gonkur akademije, po analogiji sa aeronautikom.[1][2] Pošto postoji stepen tehničkog preklapanja između ova dva polja, termin vazduhoplovstvo se često koristi za opisivanje oba odjednom.[3] Godine 1930, Robert Esno-Pelteri je objavio prvu knjigu o novom istraživačkom polju.[4]
Kao i kod aeronautike, ograničenja mase, temperature i spoljašnjih sila zahtevaju da aplikacije u svemiru prežive ekstremne uslove: visokokvalitetni vakuum, radijaciono bombardovanje međuplanetarnog prostora i magnetne pojaseve niske Zemljine orbite. Svemirske lansirne rakete moraju da izdrže titanske sile, dok sateliti mogu iskusiti ogromne varijacije u temperaturi u veoma kratkim periodima.[5] Ekstremna ograničenja mase dovode do toga da se astronautički inženjeri suočavaju sa stalnom potrebom da uštede masu u dizajnu kako bi se maksimizovala stvarna nosivost koja dostiže orbitu.
Istorija
urediRana istorija astronautike je teorijska: osnovnu matematiku svemirskog putovanja ustanovio je Isak Njutn u svojoj raspravi iz 1687. Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.[6] Drugi matematičari, kao što su Švajcarac Leonard Ojler i francusko-italijanski Žozef Luj Lagranž takođe su dali suštinski doprinos u 18. i 19. veku. Uprkos tome, astronautika je postala praktična disciplina tek sredinom 20. veka. S druge strane, pitanje svemirskih letova pobuđivalo je književnu imaginaciju takvih ličnosti kao što su Žil Vern i Herbert Džordž Vels. Početkom 20. veka, ruski kosmista Konstantin Ciolkovski izveo je raketnu jednačinu, vodeću jednačinu za raketni pogon, omogućavajući izračunavanje konačne brzine rakete iz mase svemirske letelice ( ), kombinovane mase pogonskog goriva i svemirske letelice ( ) i izduvna brzina pogonskog goriva ( ).
Do ranih 1920-ih, Robert H. Godard[7][8][9] je razvijao rakete na tečno gorivo,[10][11][12] koje će za nekoliko decenija postati kritična komponenta u dizajnu poznate raketa kao što su V-2[13][14][15] i Saturn V.[16][17]
Reference
uredi- ^ „Archived copy” (PDF). Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 2017-08-11. g. Pristupljeno 2017-02-02.
- ^ Gruntman, Mike (2007). From Astronautics to Cosmonautics. str. 21. ISBN 978-1419670855.
- ^ l'Astronomie, 1934, p. 325–326.
- ^ „Archived copy”. Arhivirano iz originala 2014-04-29. g. Pristupljeno 2017-02-02.
- ^ Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics, Sellers. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill (2000)
- ^ Fundamentals of Astrodynamics, Bate, Mueller, and White. Dover: New York (1971).
- ^ „Robert H. Goddard”. New Mexico Museum of Space History. Pristupljeno 25. 1. 2023.
- ^ „Robert H. Goddard: American Rocket Pioneer”. Smithsonian Institution Archives. Pristupljeno 25. 1. 2023.
- ^ „Goddard”. Astronautix.com. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 12. 2016. g.
- ^ Sutton, George P. (1963). Rocket Propulsion Elements, 3rd edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons. str. 25, 186, 187.
- ^ Glushko, Valentin (1. 1. 1973). Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR. Novosti Press Pub. House. str. 12—14,19. OCLC 699561269.
- ^ Zak, Anatoly. „Gas Dynamics Laboratory”. Russian Space Web. Pristupljeno 20. 7. 2022.
- ^ "Long-range" in the context of the time. See NASA history article Arhivirano 7 januar 2009 na sajtu Wayback Machine
- ^ „The Rocket Men”. Air & Space/Smithsonian.
- ^ „Opel Sounds in the Era of Rockets”. www.opelpost.com. 23. 5. 2018.
- ^ Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities (PDF), The Congress of the United States. Congressional Budget Office, oktobar 2006, str. 4 9, Arhivirano iz originala 1. 10. 2021. g., Pristupljeno 13. 8. 2015
- ^ Bongat, Orlando (16. 9. 2011). „NASA - Saturn V”. www.nasa.gov (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 08. 04. 2015. g. Pristupljeno 2022-01-14.
Literatura
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- Sellers, Jerry J.; Astore, William J.; Giffen, Robert B.; Larson, Wiley J. (2004). Kirkpatrick, Douglas H., ur. Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics (2 izd.). McGraw Hill. str. 228. ISBN 0-07-242468-0.
- „Air University Space Primer, Chapter 8 - Orbital Mechanics” (PDF). USAF. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 2013-02-14. g. Pristupljeno 2007-10-13.
- Bate, R.R.; Mueller, D.D.; White, J.E. (1971). Fundamentals of Astrodynamics. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 978-0-486-60061-1.
- Vallado, D. A. (2001). Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications (2nd izd.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-7923-6903-5.
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- M.J. Sidi (2000). Spacecraft Dynamics and Control. Cambridge University Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-521-78780-2.
- W.E. Wiesel (1996). Spaceflight Dynamics (2nd izd.). McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 978-0-07-070110-6.
- J.P. Vinti (1998). Orbital and Celestial Mechanics. American Institute of Aeronautics & Ast, Reston, Virginia. ISBN 978-1-56347-256-5.
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- Baker, David; Zak, Anatoly (9. 9. 2013). Race for Space 1: Dawn of the Space Age. RHK. Pristupljeno 21. 7. 2022.
- Chertok, Boris (2005). Rockets and People Volumes 1-4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Pristupljeno 21. 7. 2022.
- Mejía, Álvaro (2017). „Pedro Paulet, sabio multidisciplinario”. Persona & Cultura (na jeziku: španski). Universidad Católica San Pablo (14): 95—122.
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- Oberg, Jim; Sullivan, Dr. Brian R (original draft) (mart 1999). „'Space Power Theory”. U.S. Air Force Space Command: Government Printing Office. str. 143. Arhivirano iz originala 3. 2. 2009. g. Pristupljeno 28. 11. 2008. 24,000 fighters could have been produced instead of the inaccurate V-weapons.
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- King, Benjamin; Kutta, Timothy J. (1998). Impact: The History of Germany's V-Weapons in World War II . Rockville Centre, New York: Sarpedon Publishers. ISBN 1-885119-51-8. (Alternately: Impact: An Operational History of Germany's V Weapons in World War II.) Staplehurst, Kent: Spellmount Publishers. ISBN 1-86227-024-4. Da Capo Press; Reprint edition, 2003:. ISBN 0-306-81292-4.
- Ramsey, Syed (2016). Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-93-86019-83-7.
- Neufeld, Michael J. (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era . New York: The Free Press. ISBN 9780029228951.
- Ordway, Frederick I, III; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. ISBN 1-894959-00-0.
- Zaloga, Steven (2003). V-2 Ballistic Missile, 1942–52. New Vanguard. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-541-9.
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- Huzel, Dieter K. (ca. 1965). Peenemünde to Canaveral. Prentice Hall Inc.
- Piszkiewicz, Dennis (1995). The Nazi Rocketeers: Dreams of Space and Crimes of War. ISBN 0-275-95217-7.. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
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- Bilstein, Roger E.; Lucas, William R. (1980). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle. Washington, DC: U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ISBN 0-16-048909-1. OCLC 36332191.
- Cortright, Edgar M. (1975). „3.4”. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon. NASA Langley Research Center. ISBN 978-9997398277. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 2. 2008. g. Pristupljeno 11. 2. 2008.
- Dunar, Andrew J.; Waring, Stephen P. (1999). Power to Explore A History of Marshall Space Flight Center, 1960-1990. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ISBN 9780160589928. OCLC 42290367.
- Jacobsen, Annie (2014). Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America. New York: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-22105-4. OCLC 867715781.
- Lawrie, Alan; Godwin, Robert (2005). Saturn V : the complete manufacturing and test records : plus supplemental material. Burlington, Ont.: Apogee. ISBN 978-1-894959-19-3. OCLC 62313648.
- Lawrie, Alan (2016). Saturn V Rocket. Arcadia Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-4396-5862-5. OCLC 962064723.
- Lennick, Michael (2006). Launch vehicles : heritage of the space race. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. ISBN 1-894959-28-0. OCLC 68621072.
- Huntress, Wesley T.; Marov, Mikhail Y. (2011). The Soviet Robots in the Solar System : mission technologies and discoveries. New York, NY: Gardners Books. ISBN 978-1-4419-7897-4. OCLC 743306981.
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Spoljašnje veze
uredi- Orbitalna mehanika (Rocket and Space Technology)
- Java Astrodynamics Toolkit
- Astrodynamics-based Space Traffic and Event Knowledge Graph