Википедија

Engleski građanski rat

Engleski građanski rat, ponekad zvan i Engleska revolucija, jeste naziv za niz oružanih sukoba koji su se odigrali na Britanskom ostrvu sredinom 17. veka, a koji svoj izvor imaju u sukobu između engleskog kralja Čarlsa I i engleskog Parlamenta, tj. između rojalista i parlamentaraca. Od 1642. do 1660. godine vođena su četiri građanska rata na Britanskim ostrvima:[2]

Engleski građanski rat

Pobeda parlamentaraca kod Nejzbija 1645, odlučujuća pobeda u ratu.
Vreme1642—1653.
Mesto
Engleska, Škotska i Irska
UzrokProtivljenje engleskog parlamenta kraljevom apsolutizmu
Ishod Pobeda parlamenta i stvaranje Engleske Republike (1653—1660)
Teritorijalne
promene		 okupirane Škotska i Irska
Sukobljene strane
Engleski parlamentarci Engleski rojalisti
Škotski rojalisti
Irski rojalisti
Komandanti i vođe
Robert Eseks
Tomas Ferfaks
Oliver Kromvel		 Čarls I
Rupert od Palatinata
Čarls II
David Lesli
Žrtve i gubici
50.000[1] 34.000[1]
Mapa teritorije koju je držala kraljeva vojska (crveno), i parlamentarna vojska (zeleno), prvi građanski rat 1642 — 1645
Kralj Čarls I
Oliver Kromvel

Sukob je bio političke i verske prirode. Čarls je nasledio englesko presto od bivšeg škotskog kralja Džejmsa I iz dinastije Stjuart. Iako je bio nominalni poglavar Anglikanske crkve, mnogi su ga u Engleskoj smatrali prikrivenim katolikom. Čarls je takođe smatrao da engleski vladar, poput ostalih u Evropi tog doba, ima božansko pravo vladanja i da niko, uključujući Parlament nema pravo da dovodi u pitanje njegov autoritet i odluke. S druge strane u Engleskoj i Škotskoj u to doba nastavio je da cveta protestantizam u ekstremnim oblicima, uključujući puritanizam čiji su predstavnici stjuartovsku monarhiju držali raskalašnom i grešnom.

Čarlsov pokušaj zaustavljanja takvih tendencija u Škotskoj doveo je do Biskupskih ratova u kojima je njegova vojska sramotno potučena, a Parlament odbio dalje finansiranje vojnih operacija te se Čarls za pomoć obratio svojim katoličkim podanicima u Irskoj, što je 1642. godine dovelo do stvaranja dve vojske – kraljeve i parlamentarne – koje su se počele sukobljavati jedna s drugom nakon bezuspešnih pregovora između kralja i Dugog parlamenta, nakon što je parlament poslao kralju listu sa devetnaest predloga gde su tražili veći udeo u vlasti i upravljanju, što je kralj odbio.

Rat je trajao tri godine i nakon početnog niza neodlučnih bitaka došla je do izražaja ekonomska premoć gradova, koji su podržavali Parlament, nad selom i ruralnim sredinama koje su podržavale kralja. Parlamentarci su imali veći elan, ali i sposobnijeg zapovednika u liku Olivera Kromvela čijom je zaslugom Čarls konačno poražen i zarobljen godine 1645. Dva odlučujuća sukoba su bili bitka kod Nasebija 14. juna i bitka kod Lengporta 10. jula gde je kralj izgubio znatni deo vojske. Nakon zarobljavanja kralja Prvi engleski građanski rat je okončan.

Tri godine kasnije, dok je Parlament odlučivao o kraljevoj sudbini, ponovno je izbila rojalistička pobuna – drugi građanski rat. Ekstremisti u parlamentarnoj stranci su to iskoristili kao priliku za puč, pa je Čarlsu suđeno za izdaju i pogubljen januara 1649. godine.

1650. godine Čarls II je krunisan za kralja Škotske u zamenu za pristanak da se stvori prezbeterijanska crkva u Engleskoj i Škotskoj.

Kromvel je posle suzbio rojalističke pobune na čelu s Čarlsovim sinom Čarlsom II u Irskoj i Škotskoj. To je imalo naročito teške posledice u Irskoj, gde je ubijeno oko 30% stanovništva, a sve zemlje u vlasništvu katolika su konfiskovane i predane Kromvelovim veteranima.

Kao posledica ratova Engleska je postala republika, odnosno diktatura na čelu s Oliverom Kromvelom. Iako je kromvelovski režim nestao nedugo nakon njegove smrti te se Čarls II vratio na presto, rat je kao trajnu posledicu ostavio napuštanje koncepta o božanskom pravu kraljeva, pa su svi budući engleski kraljevi bili prisiljeni da vladaju uz blagoslov zakonodavne vlasti uz saglasnost parlamenta. Zato se smatra da je upravo engleski građanski rat zaslužan za stvaranje moderne demokratije na Britanskom ostrvu, odnosno koncepta liberalne demokratije u današnjem zapadnom svetu.

Kad je 1707. godine formirana Kraljevina Velika Britanija vladarska načela su bila u skladu sa aktima Unije i nije bio zastupljen klasičan vid monarhije, što je Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo poštedelo talasa revolucija koji se dogodio u Evropi 1840.-ih godina, a sve u cilju svrgavanja monarhija.

Vidi još

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Reference

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  1. ^ a b „English civil wars”. History.com. Pristupljeno 4. 10. 2014. 
  2. ^ Gažević, Nikola (1974). Vojna enciklopedija (tom 2). Beograd: Vojnoizdavački zavod. str. 691—693. 

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Spoljašnje veze

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Engleski građanski rat na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Енглески_грађански_рат&oldid=28467621”