Margaret Mid

Margaret Mid (engl. Margaret Mead; Filadelfija, 16. decembar 1901 — Njujork, 15. novembar 1978) američka je kulturalana antropološkinja, koja je često bila istaknuta književnica i govorniica tokom 1960-ih i 1970-ih godina u mas-medijima. Diplomirala je na Barnard koledžu u Njujorku, a magistrirala i doktorirala takođe na Univerzitetu Kolumbija. Mid je služila kao predsednik Američkog udruženja za unapređenje nauke 1975. godine.

Margaret Mid
Lični podaci
Datum rođenja	(1901-12-16)16. decembar 1901.
Mesto rođenja	Filadelfija, Pensilvanija
Datum smrti	15. novembar 1978.(1978-11-15) (76 god.)
Mesto smrti	Njujork, SAD
Obrazovanje	Barnard College, Univerzitet Kolambija, DePauw University
Naučni rad
Polje	kulturalan antropolog

Istovremeno je popularizovala shvatanja antropologije u modernoj američkoj i zapadnoj kulturi, a s druge strane bila i ugledna, često kontroverzna, akademska antropološkinja. Njeni izveštaji o stavovima prema seksu u tradicionalnim kulturama u južnom Pacifiku i jugoistočnoj Aziji oblikovali su seksualnu revoluciju 1960-ih godina.

Kao anglikanka, Margaret Mid je odigrala značajnu ulogu u izradi američke episkopske Knjige zajedničke molitve iz 1979. godine.

Biografija

Margaret Mid je rođena u kvekerskoj porodici u Filadelfiji. Njen otac je bio profesor iz Vartonovoj poslovnoj školi, Univerziteta u Pensilvaniji, a majka je po profesiji bila sociolog i radila je sa italijanskim imigrantima. Nakon godinu dana studiranja na Univerzitetu u Indijani (1919), prebacila se na Barnard koledž u Njujorku, gde je 1923. godine diplomirala. Na istom mestu je i magistrirala godinu dana kasnije. Na njene naučne poglede i stavove veliki uticaj su vršili Rut Benedikt i Franc Boas. Godine 1925. otišla je na terenska istraživanja u Polineziju, u Samou, gde je sakupila veliku količinu materijala o procesu socijalizacije dece i adolescenata u samoanskom društvu.

Nakon povratka iz Polinezije 1926, počela je da radi kao kustos u Američkom prirodnjačkom muzeju, u Njujorku. Godine 1929. je odbranila svoju doktorsku tezu na Univerzitetu Kolumbija.

Tri puta se udavala, svaki put sa antropologom.

Istraživački interesi

Istraživala je odnose između različitih starosnih grupa u tradicionalnim (papuanskom, samoanskom, i sl.) i modernim društvima (generacijski jaz), dečiju psihologiju sa stanovišta tz. etnopsihologije.

U svom delu „Odrastanje u Samoi“ (1928) je zaključila da nije bilo sukoba niti poteškoća u socijalizaciji između starijih generacija i adolescenata u tradicionalnom društvu.

Margaret Mid je, takođe, identifikovala tri glavne vrste razmene znanja između odraslih i dece:

• Postfigurativno – prenos znanja sa odraslih na decu;
• Kofigurativno – prenos znanja deci i odraslima, uglavnom od strane svojih vršnjaka;
• Prefigurativno – prenos znanja sa dece na odrasle.

Citati

• Nikada ne sumnjaj da mala grupa promišljenih, posvećenih ljudi može promeniti svet. U istoriji je uvek bilo samo to dovoljno.

Literatura

• Acciaioli, Gregory (1983). „Fact and Context in Etnography: The Samoa Controversy (special edition)”. Canberra Anthropology. 6 (1): 1—97. ISSN 0314-9099. 
• Appell, George (1984). „Freeman's Refutation of Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa: The Implications for Anthropological Inquiry”. Eastern Anthropology. 37: 183—214. 
• Bateson, Mary Catherine (1984). With a Daughter's Eye: A Memoir of Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03962-6. ..
• Brady, Ivan. (1991). „The Samoa Reader: Last Word or Lost Horizon?” (PDF). Current Anthropology. 32 (4): 263—282. JSTOR 2743829. doi:10.1086/203989. Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 21. 10. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 21. 02. 2021. 
• Caffey, Margaret M., and Patricia A. Francis, eds. (2006). To Cherish the Life of the World: Selected Letters of Margaret Mead. New York: Basic Books.
• Caton, Hiram, ed (1990). The Samoa Reader: Anthropologists Take Stock. University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-7720-2. CS1 održavanje: Višestruka imena: spisak autora (veza)CS1 održavanje: Tekst viška: spisak autora (veza).
• Feinberg, Richard (1988). „Margaret Mead and Samoa: Coming of Age in Fact and Fiction”. American Anthropologist. 90: 656—663. doi:10.1525/aa.1988.90.3.02a00080. 
• Foerstel, Leonora, and Angela Gilliam, eds (1992). Confronting the Margaret Mead Legacy: Scholarship, Empire and the South Pacific. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. CS1 održavanje: Višestruka imena: spisak autora (veza)CS1 održavanje: Tekst viška: spisak autora (veza).
• Freeman, Derek (1983). Margaret Mead and Samoa. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-54830-2. .
• Freeman, Derek (1999). The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead: A Historical Analysis of Her Samoan Research. ISBN 0-8133-3693-7. [1], Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
• Goldfrank, Esther Schiff (1983). „Another View. Margaret and Me”. Ethnohistory. 30 (1): 1—14. JSTOR 481499. doi:10.2307/481499. 
• Holmes, Lowell D (1987). Quest for the Real Samoa: the Mead/Freeman Controversy and Beyond. South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey. .
• Howard, Jane (1984). Margaret Mead: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. .
• Keeley, Lawrence (1996). War Before Civilization: the Myth of the Peaceful Savage. ISBN 0-19-511912-6.  (Oxford University Press).
• Lapsley, Hilary (1999). Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: The Kinship of Women. University of Massachusetts Press.  ISBN 1-55849-181-3
• Leacock, Eleanor (1988). „Anthropologists in Search of a Culture: Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman and All the Rest of Us”. Central Issues in Anthropology. 8 (1): 3—20. doi:10.1525/cia.1988.8.1.3. 
• Levy, Robert (1984). „Mead, Freeman, and Samoa: The Problem of Seeing Things as They Are”. Ethos. 12: 85—92. doi:10.1525/eth.1984.12.1.02a00060. 
• Lutkehaus, Nancy C (2008). Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00941-4. ..
• Mageo, Jeannette (1988). „Malosi: A Psychological Exploration of Mead's and Freeman's Work and of Samoan Aggression”. Pacific Studies. 11 (2): 25—65. 
• Mandler, Peter (2013). Return from the Natives: How Margaret Mead Won the Second World War and Lost the Cold War. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. .
• Marshall, Mac. (1993). „The Wizard from Oz Meets the Wicked Witch of the East: Freeman, Mead, and Ethnographic Authority”. American Ethnologist. 20 (3): 604—617. doi:10.1525/ae.1993.20.3.02a00080. 

• Mead, Margaret (1972). Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-00051-7. 
• Mead, Margaret. 1977. The Future as Frame for the Present Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (10. januar 2017). Audio recording of a lecture delivered July 11, 1977.
• Metraux, Rhoda (1980). „Margaret Mead. A Biographical Sketch”. American Anthropologist. 82 (2): 262—269. JSTOR 675870. doi:10.1525/aa.1980.82.2.02a00010. 
• Nardi, Bonnie; Mead, Margaret; Freeman, Derek (1984). „The Height of Her Powers: Margaret Mead's Samoa”. Feminist Studies. 10 (2): 323—337. JSTOR 3177870. doi:10.2307/3177870. 
• Moore, Jerry D. (2004). Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists. Rowman Altamira. str. 105. ISBN 0-7591-0411-5. 
• Josephy Smith (1987). „Derek Freeman in Samoa: The Making and Unmaking of a Biobehavioral Myth”. American Anthropologist. 88: 157—162. doi:10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00160. 
• Paxman, David B. (1988). „Freeman, Mead, and the Eighteenth-Century Controversy over Polynesian Society”. Pacific Studies. 11 (3): 1—19. 
• Pinker, Steven A (1997). How the Mind Works. ISBN 978-0-393-04535-2. ..
• Sandall, Roger (2001). The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and Other Essays. ISBN 0-8133-3863-8. 
• Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1984). „The Margaret Mead Controversy: Culture, Biology, and Anthropological Inquiry”. Human Organization. 43 (1): 85—93. Arhivirano iz originala 28. 01. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 21. 02. 2021. 
• Shankman, Paul (1996). „The History of Samoan Sexual Conduct and the Mead-Freeman Controversy”. American Anthropologist. 98 (3): 555—567. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.3.02a00090. 
• Shankman, Paul (2009). The Trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-23454-6. 
• Shore, Brad (1982). Sala'ilua: A Samoan Mystery. New York: Columbia University Press. .
• Stassinos, Elizabeth (1998). „Response to Visweswaren, 'Race and the culture of anthropology'”. American Anthropologist. 100 (4): 981—983. doi:10.1525/aa.1998.100.4.981. 
• Stassinos, Elizabeth (2009). „An Early Case of Personality: Ruth Benedict's Autobiographical Fragment and the Case of the Biblical "Boaz"”. Histories of Anthropology Annual. 5: 28—51. ISSN 1557-637X. doi:10.1353/haa.0.0063. 
• Virginia, Mary E. (2003). Benedict, Ruth (1887–1948). DISCovering U.S. History online edition, Detroit: Gale.
• Young, R.E.; S. Juan. (1985). „Freeman's Margaret Mead Myth: The Ideological Virginity of Anthropologists”. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology. 21 (1): 64—81. doi:10.1177/144078338502100104. 

Spoljašnje veze

• Margaret Mead - Anthropologist and Women's Rights Advocate Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (24. септембар 2014) на womenshistory.about.com
• Online video: Margaret Mead and Samoa на сајту YouTube. Documentary about the Mead-Freeman controversy, including an interview with one of Mead's original informants.
• Creative Intelligence: Female – "The Silent Revolution: Creative Man In Contemporary Society" Talk at UC Berkeley, 1962 (online audio file)
• The Institute for Intercultural Studies– ethnographic institute founded by Mead, with resources relating to Mead's work
  • . Visited on May 15, 2014.
• Library of Congress, Margaret Mead: Human Nature and the Power of Culture
• American Museum of Natural History, Margaret Mead Film & Video Festival
• Margaret Mid na sajtu WorldCat (jezik: engleski)
• "Margaret Mead, 1901–1978: A Public Face of Anthropology": brief biography, Voice of America. Visited on May 15, 2014.
• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
• The Dell Paperback Collection at the Library of Congress has first edition paperbacks of Mead's works.