Plavi Turkijci
Plavi Turkijci (tur. Göktürks — Nebeski ili Plavi Turkijci) bili su nomadski plemenski savez koji je sredinom 6. veka nastao u centralnoj Aziji.[7]
| 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣 Türük Bodun | |
|---|---|
 Petroglifi Plavih Turkijaca iz moderne Mongolije (6. do 8. vek).[1] | |
| (Predak nekim turskijskim populacijama) Predak nekim turskijskim populacijama (uključujući i poreklo predaka) | |
| Regioni sa značajnom populacijom | |
| Centralna i istočna Azija | |
| Jezici | |
| Staroturkijsi[2] | |
| Religija | |
| Tengrizam[3][4] | |
| Srodne etničke grupe | |
| Turgeši, Tokuz Oguz, Jenisej Kirgiz, Sjuejantuo,[5] Šatuo[6] |
Istorija uredi
Poreklo uredi
Turkijci u širem smislu obuhvataju sve narode koji govore turkmenskim (turkijskim) jezicima. Smatra se da potiču od nomadskih plemena iz centralne Azije, Altaja i Džungarije. Rana istorija Turkijaca, kao i svih naroda centralne Azije, obavijena je legendama. Kineski izvori pominju ih (od 1400. p. n. e., a naročito od 200. p. n. e.) kao ratoborna nomadska plemena Hiung-nu ili Hsiung-nu. Ime Turkijci javlja se prvi put u 6. veku: kod kineskih hroničara u obliku Tu-küe, u izvorima grčkih pisaca kao Turkos (grč. Τούρκοι), dok je u 8. veku u turkijskim izvorima (orhonski natpisi u Mongoliji) naziv Turkijci sinonim za grupu plemena Oguzi.[7]
Turkijski kaganat uredi
Pošto su 552—555. pokorili nomadski plemenski savez Džuan-Džuan (engl. Juan-Juan), Turkijci su pod kaganom Buminom (tur. Bumin, kin: Tu-men) osnovali svoju državu-kaganat u oblasti Sedmorečja (rus. Семиречъе), sedam reka koje utiču u jezero Balkaš, koja se širila prema istoku i zapadu. U sastavu te države, koja nije bila jedinstvena, nalazilo se više plemenskih grupa Turkijaca, svaka sa svojim kaganom. Oko 570. vlast Turkijskog kaganata zahvatala je centralnu Aziju od Mongolije i severnih granica Kine do Crnog mora. Razvoj unutrašnje i spoljne trgovine ojačao je političke i kulturne veze sa narodima srednje Azije i Altaja, s Kinom, Iranom i Vizantijom, ali oko 580. kaganat se raspao na istočni i zapadni. Kinezi su 630. osvojili Istočni, a 658. i Zapadni turkijski kaganat, ali su se oba, u drugoj polovini 7. i početkom 8. veka, oslobodili kineske vlasti.[7] Zapadni kaganat prestao je da postoji kada su Turgeši 740. uspostavili svoju vlast u Sedmorečju, a Istočni pošto su Ujguri 745. zagospodarili delom centralne Azije. Državu Ujgura srušili su 840. Kirgizi.[8]
Turkijci Oguzi uredi
U zapadnom Turkestanu do Kaspijskog mora razvila se u 8—9. veku država Turkijaca Oguza. Oni dolaze u dodir sa Persijancima i Arabljanima od kojih primaju islam, postepeno se šire prema zapadu, masovno naseljavaju Malu Aziju i Srednji istok i najzad se u 10. veku ujedinjuju sa Turcima Seldžucima i stvaraju snažnu feudalnu državu od Bosfora do Turkestana.[8]
Reference uredi
- ^ Altınkılıç, Arzu Emel (2020). „Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi” (PDF). Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research: 1101—1110. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 2020-10-24. g.
- ^ Lloyd, Keith (10. 6. 2020). The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics: Studies in the History, Application, and Teaching of Rhetoric Beyond Traditional Greco-Roman Contexts. Routledge. str. 153. ISBN 978-1-000-06627-2.
- ^ Roux, Jean-Paul (2003). Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. "Abrams Discoveries" series. Prevod: Ballas, Toula. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 9780810991033.
- ^ ——, ur. (1984). La religion des Turcs et des Mongols [The Religion of the Turks and Mongols] (na jeziku: francuski). Paris: Payot.
- ^ Wei Zheng et al. Book of Sui, vol. 84 (in Chinese)
- ^ Xiu Ouyang, (1073), Historical Records of the Five Dynasties, p. 39
- ^ a b v Gažević, Nikola (1975). Vojna enciklopedija (knjiga 10). Beograd: Vojnoizdavački zavod. str. 170.
- ^ a b Gažević, Nikola (1975). Vojna enciklopedija (knjiga 10). Beograd: Vojnoizdavački zavod. str. 171.
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Spoljašnje veze uredi
- Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, 3rd ed. Article "Turkic Khaganate" (online Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (16. maj 2005)).
- Noten zu den alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei und Sibiriens (1898)