Tomas Pejn
Tomas Pejn (engl. Thomas Paine; Tetford, 9. februar 1737 — Njujork, 8. jun 1809)[1][2] je bio američki pisac i revolucionar rođen u Britaniji.[3] Njegove ideje odražavale su ideale transnacionalnih ljudskih prava iz doba prosvetiteljstva.[4] Istoričar Sol K. Padover opisao ga je kao izrađivača korzeta po zanatu, novinara po profesiji i propagandistu po sklonosti“.[5]
| Tomas Pejn | |
|---|---|
 Tomas Pejn | |
| Lični podaci | |
| Datum rođenja | 9. februar 1737. |
| Mesto rođenja | Tetford, Velika Britanija |
| Datum smrti | 8. jun 1809. (72 god.) |
| Mesto smrti | Njujork, SAD |
| Potpis |  |
Odrastao u porodici kvekera. U Ameriku je otišao 1774. i u Ratu za nezavisnost borio se na strani kolonista. Vratio se u Englesku 1789. ali pošto je optužen za izdaju pobegao je u Francusku gde je bio pristalica republikanizma. Za vreme jakobinske diktature jedva je izbegao giljotinu. Pejnov radikalizam spojio je privrženost političkoj slobodi sa snažnom verom u suverenitet naroda što je inspirisalo i liberalni republikanizam i socijalistički egalitarizam.
U decembru 1793. je uhapšen i zatvoren u Parizu, a zatim pušten 1794. Razlog hapšenja je njegova knjiga Doba Razuma u kojoj se objašnjava Deizam, promoviše razložno rasuđivanje, slobodno mišljenje i zalaže protiv institucionalizovane religije, posebno hrišćanske doktrine. U Ameriku se vratio 1802. godine. Umro je 8. juna 1809. u Njujorku. Samo šest ljudi je prisustvovalo njegovoj sahrani jer je bio izopšten zbog njegovog omalovažavanja hrišćanstva.[6]
Detinjstvo, mladost i obrazovanje
urediTomas Pejn je rođen 29. januara 1736 (NS 9. februar 1737), sin je Džozefa Pejna, zakupnog paora i izrađivača korzeta,[7] i Francis (devojački Kuk) Pejn, u Tetfordu, Norfolk, Engleska. Džozef je bio kveker, a Frencis anglikanka.[8] Uprkos tvrdnjama da je Tomas promenio spelovanje svog porodičnog imena nakon emigracije u Ameriku 1774. godine,[1] on je koristio „Pejn“ 1769. godine, dok je još uvek bio u Luisu u Saseksu.[9]
On je pohađao je gimnaziju Tetford (1744–1749), u vreme kada nije postojalo obavezno obrazovanje.[10] Sa 13 godina bio je šegrt kod svog oca.[11][12] Nakon šegrtovanja, sa 19 godina, Pejne se prijavio i kratko služio kao korsar,[13] pre nego što se vratio u Britaniju 1759. Tamo je postao glavni majstor za izradu nameštaja, osnovavši radnju u Sandviču u Kentu.[14]
Dana 27. septembra 1759, Pejn je oženio Meri Lambert. Njegov posao se ubrzo propao. Marija je zatrudnela; i nakon što su se preselili u Margejt, ona je imala rani porođaj, u kojem su ona i njihovo dete umrli.[15]
Dela
urediNjegova najznačajnija dela su:
U delu "Doba razuma", Tomas Pejn kaže: Ja ne verujem u veru koju ispoveda jevrejska crkva, rimska crkva, grčka crkva, turska crkva, protestantska crkva, niti bilo koja crkva, koliko ja znam. Moj um je moja sopstvena crkva. Sve te institucionalizovane crkve, ... meni izgledaju kao ljudske tvorevine, izmišljene da zastraše i porobe čovečanstvo, ako i da monopolizuju moć i profit.
Reference
uredi- ^ a b Ayer, Alfred Jules (1990). Thomas Paine. University of Chicago Press. str. 1. ISBN 978-0-226-03339-6.
- ^ Conway, Moncure D. (1908). The Life of Thomas Paine. Volume 1. Cobbett, William, Illustrator. G. P. Putnam's Sons. str. 3. Pristupljeno 2. 10. 2013. – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1. Paine's birth date, therefore, would have been before New Year, 1737. In the new style, his birth date advances by eleven days and his year increases by one to February 9, 1737. The O.S. link gives more detail if needed.
- ^ Henretta, James A.; et al. (2011). America's History, Volume 1: To 1877. Macmillan. str. 165. ISBN 9780312387914.
- ^ Solinger, J.D. (2010). "Thomas Paine’s Continental Mind." Early American Literature 45 (3), 593-617.
- ^ Saul K. Padover, Jefferson: A Great American's Life and Ideas, (1952), p. 32.
- ^ Conway, Moncure D. (1892). The Life of Thomas Paine. Volume 2, pages 417–418.
- ^ „Paine, Thomas (1737–1809), author and revolutionary”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online izd.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21133. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Crosby, Alan (1986). A History of Thetford (1st izd.). Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. str. 44—84. ISBN 978-0-85033-604-7.
- ^ „National Archives”. UK National ArchivesAcknowledgement dated March 2, 1769, document NU/1/3/3
- ^ School History Arhivirano decembar 5, 2010 na sajtu Wayback Machine Thetford Grammar School; accessed January 3, 2008,
- ^ Keane, John (1995). Tom Paine, A Political Life (First izd.). London: Bloomsbury. str. 30. ISBN 0-8021-3964-7.
- ^ Bell, J.L. „The Evidence for Paine as a Staymaker”. Boston 1775. Pristupljeno 3. 10. 2019.
- ^ Keane, John (1995). Tom Paine, A Political Life (First izd.). London: Bloomsbury. str. 38. ISBN 0-8021-3964-7.
- ^ „Thomas Paine”. Sandwich People & History. Open Sandwich. Pristupljeno 2. 4. 2010.
- ^ „Thomas Paine, 1737–1809”. historyguide.org.
Literatura
uredi- Aldridge, A. Owen (1959). Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine. Lippincott.. Regarded by British authorities as the standard biography.
- Aldridge, A. Owen (1984). Thomas Paine's American Ideology. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 9780874132601.
- Ayer, A. J. (1988). Thomas Paine. University of Chicago Press.
- Bailyn, Bernard (1990). Bailyn, ur. Common Sense. Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence. Alfred A. Knopf.
- Bernstein, R. B. (1994). „Review Essay: Rediscovering Thomas Paine”. New York Law School Law Review.. Valuable blend of historiographical essay and biographical/analytical treatment.
- Butler, Marilyn (1984). Burke Paine and Godwin and the Revolution Controversy.
- Claeys, Gregory (1989). Thomas Paine, Social and Political Thought. London: Unwin Hyman. ISBN 9780203193204.. Excellent analysis of Paine's thought.
- Conway, Moncure Daniel (1892). The Life of Thomas Paine. G.P. Putnam's Sons.. Long hailed as the definitive biography, and still valuable.
- Ferguson, Robert A. (jul 2000). „The Commonalities of Common Sense”. William and Mary Quarterly. 57#3 (3): 465—504. JSTOR 2674263. doi:10.2307/2674263.
- Foner, Eric (1976). Tom Paine and Revolutionary America. Oxford University Press.. The standard monograph treating Paine's thought and work with regard to America.
- Foner, Eric (2000). Thomas Paine. American National Biography Online.
- Greene, Jack P. "Paine, America, and the 'Modernization' Of Political Consciousness," Political Science Quarterly 93#1 (1978) pp 73–92 Online.
- Griffiths, Trevor (2005). These Are the Times: A Life of Thomas Paine. Spokesman Books.
- Hawke, David Freeman (1974). Paine. Philadelphia. Regarded by many American authorities as the standard biography.
- Hitchens, Christopher (2007). Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man": A Biography. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1843546283.
- Kates, Gary (1989). „From Liberalism to Radicalism: Tom Paine's Rights of Man”. Journal of the History of Ideas. 50 (4): 569—587. JSTOR 2709798. doi:10.2307/2709798.
- Kaye, Harvey J. (2005). Thomas Paine and the Promise of America. New York City: Hill & Wang.
- Keane, John (1995). Tom Paine: A Political Life. London: Bloomsbury.. One of the most valuable recent studies.
- Lamb, Robert (2010). „Liberty, Equality, and the Boundaries of Ownership: Thomas Paine's Theory of Property Rights”. Review of Politics. 72 (3): 483—511. doi:10.1017/S0034670510000331.
- Larkin, Edward (2005). Thomas Paine and the Literature of Revolution. Cambridge University Press.[mrtva veza]
- Lessay, Jean (1987). L'américain de la Convention, Thomas Paine: Professeur de révolutions [The National Convention's American, Thomas Paine, professor of revolution] (na jeziku: francuski). Paris: Éditions Perrin. str. 241.
- Levin, Yuval (2013). The Great Debate: Edmund Burke, Thomas Paine, and the Birth of Right and Left. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465062980.. Their debate over the French Revolution.
- Lewis, Joseph L. (1947). Thomas Paine: The Author of the Declaration of Independence. New York: Freethought Press Association.
- Nelson, Craig (2006). Thomas Paine: Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-03788-9.
- Šablon:Cite odnb
- Powell, David (1985). Tom Paine, The Greatest Exile. Hutchinson.
- Russell, Bertrand (1934). „The Fate of Thomas Paine”.
- Solinger, Jason D. (novembar 2010). „Thomas Paine's Continental Mind”. Early American Literature. 45 (3).
- Vincent, Bernard (2005). The Transatlantic Republican: Thomas Paine and the age of revolutions. ISBN 978-9042016149.
- Wilensky, Mark (2008). The Elementary Common Sense of Thomas Paine. An Interactive Adaptation for All Ages. Casemate. ISBN 978-1-932714-36-4.
- Washburne, E. B. (maj 1880). „Thomas Paine and the French Revolution”. Scribner's Monthly. XX.
- Fast, Howard (1946). Citizen Tom Paine.
- Paine, Thomas (1896). Conway, Moncure Daniel, ur. The Writings of Thomas Paine, Volume 4. New York: G. P. Putnam's sons. str. 521., E'book
- Foot, Michael; Kramnick, Isaac (1987). The Thomas Paine Reader. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-044496-4.
- Paine, Thomas (1993). Foner, Eric, ur. Writings. Philadelphia: Library of America.
- Paine, Thomas (1944). Foner, Philip S., ur. The Complete Writings of Thomas Paine. Citadel Press.
Spoljašnje veze
uredi
- Thomas Paine Society (UK) Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (24. avgust 2012)
- Thomas Paine Society (US)
- „Archival material relating to Tomas Pejn”. UK National Archives.
- Tomas Pejn na sajtu NPG (jezik: engleski)
- Office location while in Alford Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (7. maj 2019)
- Tomas Pejn na sajtu Projekat Gutenberg (jezik: engleski)
- Tomas Pejn na sajtu Internet Archive (jezik: engleski)
- Tomas Pejn na sajtu LibriVox (jezik: engleski)
- Deistic and Religious Works of Thomas Paine Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (30. mart 2015)
- The theological works of Thomas Paine
- The theological works of Thomas Paine to which are appended the profession of faith of a savoyard vicar by J.J. Rousseau
- Common Sense by Thomas Paine; HTML format, indexed by section
- Rights of Man
