Википедија

Altajski jezici

Altajski jezici su pretpostavljena jezička makroporodica[1] koja obuhvata turkijske, mongolske i tunguske jezike,[2] sa oko 350 miliona govornika i oko 66 jezika.[3]‍:73 Jezici ove porodice su rasprostranjeni na prostoru od severoistočne Azije, preko centralne Azije do zapadne Azije i delova istočne Evrope.[4] Neki lingvisti u ovu porodicu svrstavaju i japanski jezik, a često i korejski. Tada se broj govornika povećava na skoro 560 miliona. Deo lingvista se ne slaže oko postojanja ove porodice i tvrde da postoji samo altajski jezički savez. Svi jezici ove grupe su aglutinativni, a u većini njih je prisutna i samoglasnička harmonija. Ponekad se altajski jezici povezuju sa uralskim jezicima u zajedničku uralo-altajsku porodicu.

altajski jezici
(odbačena hipotetička jezička makroporodica; danas se smatra jezičkim savezom)
Geografska rasprostranjenostseverna Azija, srednja Azija, istočna Azija, jugozapadna Azija i istočna Evropa
Jezička klasifikacija
  • altajski jezici
Podpodela
ISO 639-2 / 5tut
GlotologNone
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Altajski jezici:
  Turkijski jezici
  Mongolski jezici
  Tunguski jezici
  Japanski jezici (povremeno uključeni)
  Korejski jezik (povremeno uključen)
  Ainski jezik (retko uključen)
Mapa altajskih i uralskih jezika

Ova hipotetička porodica jezika je dugo odbacivana od strane većine komparativnih lingvista, iako je i dalje podržava mala, ali stabilna naučna manjina.[3][5][6] Istraživanje o njihovom mogućem zajedničkom lingvističkom poreklu inspirisalo je razne komparativne studije o folkloru i mitologiji kod Turaka, Protomongola i Tungusa.[7]

Altajska porodica je prvi put predložena u 18. veku. Bila je široko prihvaćena sve do 1960-ih i još uvek je naveden u mnogim enciklopedijama i priručnicima.[3] Od 1950-ih, mnogi komparativni lingvisti su odbacili predlog, nakon što je utvrđeno da navodni srodnici nisu validni, pretpostavljene promene zvuka nisu pronađene, i utvrđeno je da se turski i mongolski jezici približavaju, a ne razilaze tokom vekova. Protivnici teorije su predlagali da su sličnosti posledica međusobnih jezičkih uticaja između dotičnih grupa.[8][9][10][11][12] Savremene pristalice Altajskih jezika priznaju da su mnoge zajedničke karakteristike rezultat kontakta i konvergencije i da se stoga ne mogu uzeti kao dokaz za genetsku vezu, ali ipak tvrde da jezgro postojećih korespondencija seže do zajedničkog pretka.[13][14]

Prvobitna hipoteza je ujedinila samo turkijske, mongolske i tunguske grupe. Kasniji predlozi da se korejski i japanski jezik uključe u „makro-altajsku“ porodicu uvek su bili kontroverzni. Prvobitni predlog se ponekad retronimijom nazivao „mikro-altajskim“. Većina zagovornika altajskog jezika i dalje podržava uključivanje korejskog, ali manji broj njih je za uključenje japanskog.[15] Neki predlozi su uključivali i Ainski, ali to nije široko prihvaćeno čak ni među samim altajcima.[3] Zajednički praaltajski jezik predaka za „makro” porodicu su probno rekonstruisali Sergej Starostin i drugi.[16]

Mikroaltajski uključuje oko 66 živih jezika,[17] kojima bi makroaltajski dodao korejski, jeju, japanski i rjukjuanski jezik, ukupno oko 74 (u zavisnosti od toga šta se smatra jezikom, a šta dijalektom). Ovi brojevi ne uključuju ranija stanja jezika, kao što su srednjomongolski, starokorejski ili starojapanski.

Jezici uredi

Reference uredi

  1. ^ Martine Robbeets & Alexander Savelyev, "Introduction", The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages (2020, Oxford, pp. 1-3). "The Transeurasian languages are among the most fervently debated language families in modern linguistics..." (pg. 1)
  2. ^ Mišić, Milan, ur. (2005). Enciklopedija Britanika. A-B. Beograd: Narodna knjiga : Politika. str. 37. ISBN 86-331-2075-5. 
  3. ^ a b v g Georg, Stefan; Michalove, Peter A.; Ramer, Alexis Manaster; Sidwell, Paul J. (1999). „Telling general linguists about Altaic”. Journal of Linguistics. 35 (1): 65—98. S2CID 144613877. doi:10.1017/S0022226798007312. 
  4. ^ „Interactive Maps The Altaic Family from The Tower of Babel”. Starling.rinet.ru. Pristupljeno 18. 6. 2013. 
  5. ^ Campbell, Lyle (2007). Glossary of Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. str. 7. ISBN 978-0-7486-3019-6. „While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups ... are related. In spite of this, Altaic does have a few dedicated followers.” 
  6. ^ Starostin, George (2016). „Altaic Languages”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. ISBN 9780199384655. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.35. „Despite the validity of many of these objections, it remains unclear whether they are sufficient to completely discredit the hypothesis of a genetic connection between the various branches of “Altaic,” which continues to be actively supported by a small, but stable scholarly minority.” 
  7. ^ 毕桪 (2011). „论阿尔泰比较神话学”. Ur.: 那木吉拉. 阿尔泰神话研究回眸 [Selected research papers on the Altaic mythologies]. Beijing: 民族出版社. str. 12—22. 
  8. ^ Lyle Campbell and Mauricio J. Mixco (2007): A Glossary of Historical Linguistics; University of Utah Press. Page 7: "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related."
  9. ^ Johanna Nichols (1992) Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time. Chicago University Press. Page 4: "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic are unrelated."
  10. ^ R. M. W. Dixon (1997): The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge University Press. Page 32: "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here."
  11. ^ Asya Pereltsvaig (2012) Languages of the World, An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. Pages 211–216: "[...T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" [...] "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages—a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent"
  12. ^ De la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2016). „Review of Robbeets, Martine (2015): Diachrony of verb morphology. Japanese and the Transeurasian languages”. Diachronica. 33 (4): 530—537. doi:10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo. „For now, shared material between Transeurasian [i.e. Altaic] languages is undoubtedly better explained as the result of language contact. But if researchers provide cogent evidence of genealogical relatedness, that will be the time to re-evaluate old positions. That time, however, has not yet come.” 
  13. ^ Dybo, Anna (mart 2020). „New Trends in European Studies on the Altaic Problem”. Journal of Language Relationship. 14 (1–2): 71—106. doi:10.31826/jlr-2017-141-208  . 
  14. ^ Robbeets, Martine (2015). Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs, 291. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9783110399943. 
  15. ^ Roger Blench and Mallam Dendo (2008): "Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?" In Alicia Sanchez-Mazas et al., eds. Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence, chapter 4. Taylor & Francis.
  16. ^ Sergei Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak (2003): Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, 3 volumes. ISBN 90-04-13153-1.
  17. ^ „Browse by Language Family”. Ethnologue. Pristupljeno 18. 6. 2013. 

Literatura uredi

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Spoljašnje veze uredi

 
Wiktionary has word lists at Appendix:Altaic word lists
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Алтајски_језици&oldid=27556731”