Australijski starosedeoci

Australijski starosedeoci (domorodački narodi Australije smatraju uvredljivim termin Aboridžini, koji se često koristi za skupno imenovanje svih Australijskih starosedelaca) naseljavaju svoj kontinent najmanje 30.000 godina (od 40.000 do 60.000 godina). Prema mišljenjima naučnika na kontinent su se naselili još u vreme poslednjeg Ledenog doba. Tada su velika ostrva Nova Gvineja i Borneo bili veći nego danas, a morski prolaz između njih i Australije mnogo uži. Sumnja se da su preci današnjih australijskih domorodaca u Australiju došli iz tih područja. Premda današnji Papuanci i susedni Melanežani imaju crnu put poput Australijanaca, fizičke razlike su ipak očite, i na prvi pogled lako ih je razlikovati. Tipovi kulture su takođe različiti, no oni mogu nastati usled različitih klimatsko-geografskih uslova. Jezično su se ovi narodi ranije klasifikovani u australijsku porodicu (engl. Indigenous Australian languages). Danas je poznato 28 porodica jezika i jezičkih izolata, od kojih je najznačajnija pama-njunganska porodica jezika.

Australijski starosedeoci

Grupa muškaraca sa ostrva Baterst, Severna teritorija, 1939.
Regioni sa značajnom populacijom
Australija 2,8% (2016)	649.171
Novi Južni Vels 2,8%	208.476
Kvinslend 4,22%	188.954
Zapadna Australija 3,75%	88.270
Severna teritorija 29,72%	68.850
Viktorija 0,85%	47,333
Južna Australija 2,28%	37,408
Tasmanija 4,72%	24,165
Australijska prestonička teritorija 1,67%	6.610
Jezici
nekoliko stotina jezika australijskih domorodaca, australijski engleski, australijski aboridžinski engleski, kreolski
Religija
hrišćanstvo 73% nereligioznost 24% tradicionalna aboridžinska religija 1%
Srodne etničke grupe
grupe australijskih starosedelaca (Papuanci, Melanežani)

Istorija

Preci Aboridžina su na područje Australije dospeli iz jugoistočne Azije došavši pre više od 30.000 godina, s jednog ostrva na drugo. Veruje se da su doneli psa dingoa u Australiju. Zbog svojih specifičnih telesnih karakteristika i tamnosmeđe boje kože, svrstani su u posebnu rasnu grupu (Australoidi). Pre dolaska Evropljana živeli su kao u kameno doba, živeći od lova, bobica i plodova. Živeli su u grupama od 25 do 300 ljudi.

Nepoznato je koliko je Aboridžina živelo na teritoriji Australije uoči dolaska Evropljana. Mnogi istoričari prihvataju da ih je bilo oko 300.000. Međutim, zbog dugotrajnog kontakta sa razvijenijom evropskom civilizacijom, njihov broj je naglo opao. Aboridžine su evropski kolonisti (doseljenici sa Britanskih ostrva) ubijali, smeštali sa vekovnih ognjišta, pokrštavali i smeštali u rezervate, ali su velike padove aboridžinske populacije takođe prouzrokovale razne epidemije sredinom 19. veka.

Sredinom 20. veka ostalo ih je oko 106.000, od čega je 40.000 sačuvalo rasnu čistotu, dok je ostatak izmešan sa evropskim doseljenicima. Međutim, zbog promenjenog odnosa države prema njima, njihova populacija raste, tako da danas Aboridžini čine oko 2,8% (650.000) stanovništva Australije.

Društvena organizacija i sistem srodstva

Domoroci Australije podeljeni su na više stotina plemena, govorilo se oko 600 jezika. Nekada ih je bilo mnogo više nego danas, mnogi su nestali ili su asimilirani u savremeno australijsko društvo. Svako njihovo pleme govorilo je vlastitim jezikom, a i razne lokalne grupe su verovatno razvile posebne dijalekte. Domoroci su bili organizovani po malim bandama ili porodičnim grupama. Svaka je imala vođu, obično starijeg iskusnijeg muškarca. Njihove socijalne porodice sastojale su se od očevog oca i često od njegovog brata ili braće, oni se po njihovom sistemu srodstva takođe nazivaju 'očev otac'; njegove žene ili žena; oca; i možda njegove braće (to su ujaci). Otac se u njihovoj terminologiji često naziva 'detetov otac'. Vođa ovakve grupe odlučuje gde će se i kada postaviti logor, odnosno krenuti dalje, i u kom smeru. Trebalo je da vođe dobro poznaju plemensku teritoriju, gde ima vode, gde se i kada može nešto uloviti ili pronaći za hranu. Omladina je bila podvrgavana inicijacijama, često veoma zahtevnim operacijama kao što su subincizija, klitoridektomija, pa čak i odsecanje jednog testisa. Sva njihova plemena, osim plemena Bad imala su totemske klanove. Klanovi su bili podeljeni unutar dve ženidbene klase

Običaji

Aboridžinski bumerang

Domoroci se bave lovom i sakupljanjem. Koplje i bumerang bili su njihovo glavno oružje. Obalni domoroci sakupljali su mekušce, kao školjke i rakove. U pustinjskim predelima hvatali su životinje, ptice i razne reptile. Sva lovina koju je lovac uhvatio delila se sa čitavom grupom. Hrana se pripremala nad otvorenom vatrom. Sakupljanje bilja i semenja takođe je bilo značajno. Poput kalifornijskih plemena, i Aboridžini su znali da mlevenjem nekog semenja proizvedu brašno.

Neki logori ovih domorodaca mogli su da imaju 6-10 osoba, a bilo ih je čak do 400. Njihove kolibe od kore drveta poznate su pod imenom 'gunuah'. Količina hrane bez sumnje je uticala na veličinu logora. Svaki dan članovi bande odlaze iz logora u potragu za hranom, da bi se zatim vraćali nazad i delili je sa ostalim članovima. Glavna svečanost poznata je pod imenom corroboree, a muzički instrumenti didgeridoo, štapići za udaranje i zvečke. Verovali su i u reinkarnaciju. Nakon smrti duša se ponovno vraća na zemlju u obliku neke životinje.

Broj australijskih starosedelaca (Aboridžina i Ostrvljana Toresovog moreuza) (2016)

• Novi južni Vels 208.476
• Kvinslend 188.954
• Zapadna Australija 88.270
• Severna teritorija 68.850
• Viktorija 47.333
• Južna Australija 37.408
• Tasmanija 24.165
• Australijska prestonička teritorija 6.160

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Spoljašnje veze

• Stranica o Aboridžinima
• Colonization of the indigenous
• Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
• AUSTLANG Australian Indigenous Languages Database
• Science 2.0: Australian Aborigines were once Indians – Study
• Closing the Gap
• Australian Museum: Indigenous Australia
• The South Australian Museum: Tribal boundaries in Aboriginal Australia map Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (1. март 2015)
• Indigenous Language Map
• Australian Indigenous Health InfoNet
• Australian Human Rights Commission: Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Index
• Indigenous Law Resources
• National Indigenous Times Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (20. април 2021) – national Indigenous affairs newspaper
• NT Mojos – Northern Territory Mobile Journalists
• . doi:10.1080/03007760008591767.  Singing about nations within nations: Geopolitics and Identity in Australian Indigenous rock music
• . doi:10.1080/00664670125674.  The politics of suffering: Indigenous policy in Australia since the 1970s