Novi vijek

Novi vijek je, po istoriografskoj kategorizaciji, period od pada Carigrada (1453) do kraja Prvog svetskog rata (1918). Za početak novog vijeka uzima se 1453. godina (tj. pad Vizantije), a za kraj novog vijeka uzima se Prvi svjetski rat (1914—1918).

Pisanoj istoriji čovečanstva prethodila je njegova praistorija, počev od paleolitskog doba („staro kameno doba“), a zatim neolitskog doba („novo kameno doba“). U neolitu je započela poljoprivredna revolucija, između 10.000 i 5.000 p. n. e, u Plodnom polumesecu Bliskog istoka. Tokom ovog perioda, ljudi su započeli sistematsko uzgajanje biljaka i životinja. Kako je poljoprivreda napredovala, većina ljudi je prešla iz nomadskog u ustaljeni način života kao poljoprivrednici u stalnim naseljima. Relativna sigurnost i povećana produktivnost koju pruža poljoprivreda omogućili su zajednicama da se prošire u sve veće jedinice, podstaknute napretkom u transportu.

Bilo u praistorijsko ili istorijsko doba, ljudi su uvek obitavali u blizini pouzdanih izvora pitke vode. Naselja su se razvila već 4.000. p. n. e. u Iranu, u Mesopotamiji, u dolini reke Ind na Indijskom potkontinentu, na obalama egipatske reke Nil, i duž kineskih reka. Kako se poljoprivreda razvijala, poljoprivreda žitarica postajala je sofistikovanija i podstakla je podelu rada radi skladištenja hrane između uzgojnih sezona. Radne podele su dovele do porasta dokone više klase i razvoja gradova, što je predstavljalo temelj za civilizaciju. Sve veća složenost ljudskih društava zahtevala je sisteme računovodstva i pisanja. Hinduizam se razvio u kasno bronzano doba na Indijskom potkontinentu. Aksijalno doba bilo je svedok uvođenja religija kao što su budizam, taoizam, konfučijanstvo i džainizam.

Osnovne odlike

Kolumbo u Novom svijetu. Ovim događajem je počeo novi vijek.

Novi vijek počinje otkrićima u oblasti nauke, tehnike, privrede i upoznavanja sopstvene planete. Nova tehnička otkrića kao što su pronalazak kompasa i durbina ili izgradnja karavela, nove vrste brodova, omogućila su i ubrzala geografska otkrića.

Značajni naučnici

Nauka u Novom vijeku nije više pod direktnim uticajem crkve. Ističu se matematičari i astronomi Nikola Kopernik, Johan Kepler, Galileo Galilej i Đordano Bruno. Najpoznatiji filozofi su Rene Dekart i Fransis Bejkon.

Kultura

Razvija se kapitalizam čiji je nosilac građanska klasa. Broj pismenih ljudi povećava se zahvaljujući Johanu Gutenbergu, izumitelju štamparske mašine.

Literatura

• Abernethy, David B. (2000). The Dynamics of Global Dominance : European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09314-8. 
• Allchin, Bridget; Allchin, Raymond (1997). Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia. New Delhi: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-87713-3. 
• Allen, James P. (2007-08-30). Manuelian, Peter D., ur. The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Society of Biblical Literature. str. 1. ISBN 978-1-58983-678-5. 
• Allison, Graham (2018). „The Myth of the Liberal Order: From Historical Accident to Conventional Wisdom”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 4. str. 124—133. 
• Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir (2000). The Cultural Atlas of Ancient Egypt (revised izd.). Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4036-0. 
• Bard, Kathryn A. (2000). „The Emergence of the Egyptian State (c.3200–2686 BC)”. Ur.: Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. str. 57–82. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7. 
• Baten, Jörg (2016). „Introduction”. Ur.: Baten, Jörg. A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. str. 1—13. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0. 
• Bentley, Jerry H.; Ziegler, Herbert F. (2008). Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past: Volume II From 1500 to the Present (Fourth izd.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-333063-1. 
• Browning, Christopher R. (25. 10. 2018). „The Suffocation of Democracy”. The New York Review of Books. LXV (16): 14, 16—17. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Buchanan, Robert Angus (1979). „2”. History and industrial civilisation. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-16128-7. 
• Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2004). „Introduction”. Ur.: Chkrabarti, Dilip K. Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries. Mumbai: Marg Publications. str. 7—22. ISBN 978-81-85026-63-3. 
• Chen, F. C.; Li, W. H. (2001). „Genomic Divergences Between Humans and Other Hominoids and the Effective Population Size of the Common Ancestor of Humans and Chimpanzees”. American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 444—56. PMC 1235277 . PMID 11170892. doi:10.1086/318206. 
• Clark, Christopher, "'This Is a Reality, Not a ThreatŠablon:' " (review of Lawrence Freedman, The Future of War: A History, Public Affairs, 2018, 376 pp.; and Robert H. Latiff, Future War: Preparing for the New Global Battlefield, Knopf, 2018, 192 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 18 (22 November 2018), pp. 53–54.
• Coe, Michael D. (2011). The Maya (8th izd.). New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-28902-0. 
• Collins, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Europe: 300–1000 (Second izd.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-21886-7. 
• Ebrey; Walthall; Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Company. ISBN 978-0-618-13384-0. 
• Fagan, Brian M. (2005). Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent (4th izd.). New York: Thames & Hudson Inc. ISBN 978-0-500-28148-2. 
• Fasulo, Linda (2015). An Insider's Guide to the UN (3rd izd.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-20365-3. 
• Gascoigne, Bamber (2003). The Dynasties of China: A History. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 978-1-84119-791-3. 
• Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7. 
• Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515947-9. 
• Grant, Edward (2006). The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56762-6. 
• Hart-Davis, Adam, ur. (2012). History: The Definitive Visual Guide. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-7609-4. 
• Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-61386-3. 
• Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996). Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510071-6. 
• Kelly, Christopher (2007). The Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280391-7. 
• Kim, Jim Yong (2018). „The Human Capital Gap: Getting Governments to Invest in People”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 4. str. 92—101. 
• Lee, Yun Kuen (2002). „Building the Chronology of Early Chinese History” (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 41 (1): 15—42. ISSN 1535-8283. S2CID 67818363. doi:10.1353/asi.2002.0006. hdl:10125/17161 . Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 9. 3. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 5. 9. 2019. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03306-1. 
• Loyn, H. R. (1991). „Empire, Holy Roman”. Ur.: Loyn, H. R. The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. London: Thames and Hudson. str. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-500-27645-7. 
• Martin, Thomas (2000) [1996]. Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenic Times (Revised izd.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08493-1. 
• McCormick, Thomas J. (1995). America's Half-Century: United States Foreign policy in the Cold War and After. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5010-3. 
• McNeill, William H. (1999) [1967]. A World History (4th izd.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511616-8. 
• McNeill, William H. (1982). The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56157-8. 
• Mercer, Samuel Alfred Browne (1949). The religion of ancient Egypt. Luzac. str. 259. Arhivirano iz originala 31. 3. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 4. 9. 2020. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Price, Simon; Thonemann, Peter (2010). The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine. New York: Penguin Books. 
• Pääbo, Svante (2003). „The mosaic that is our genome”. Ur.: Clayton, Julie; Dennis, Carina. 50 years of DNA. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. str. 95–97. ISBN 978-1-4039-1479-8. 
• Roberts, J. M.; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). The Penguin History of the World (Sixth izd.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-84614-443-1. 
• Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume I: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7. 
• Sherman, Wendy R. (2018). „How We Got the Iran Deal: And Why We'll Miss It”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 5. str. 186—197. 
• Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. 
• Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William L., ur. (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged (Sixth izd.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4. 
• Stiglitz, Joseph E., "A Rigged Economy: And what we can do about it" (The Science of Inequality), Scientific American, vol. 319, no. 5 (November 2018), pp. 57–61.
• Sullivan, Larry E. (2009). The SAGE glossary of the social and behavioral sciences. Editions SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-5143-2. Arhivirano iz originala 30. 12. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 9. 6. 2017. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Ṭabīb, Rashīd al-Dīn; Faḍlallāh, Rašīd-ad-Dīn; Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din; Nīšāpūrī, Ẓahīr-ad-Dīn (2001). Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, ur. The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jāmiʻ Al-tawārīkh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljūq-nāma of Ẓahīr Al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī. Prevod: Luther, Kenneth Allin. Psychology Press. str. 9. ISBN 978-0-7007-1342-4. „[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and depended on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists, and theologians to man the institution of the Empire.” 
• Teeple, John B. (2006). Timelines of World History. New York: DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7566-1703-5. 
• Tudge, Colin (1998). Neanderthals, Bandits and Farmers: How Agriculture Really Began. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08024-7. 
• Varghese, Robin (2018). „Marxist World: What Did You Expect From Capitalism?”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 4. str. 34—42. 
• Whitfield, Susan (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War, and Faith. Serendia Publications, Inc. ISBN 978-1-932476-13-2. 
• Xue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press. 
• Baten, Joerg, ur. (2016). A History of the Global Economy: 1500 to present. ISBN 978-1-107-50718-0. 
• Ben-Ami, Shlomo (16. 7. 2018). „Gobalization's Discontents”. The Nation. sv. 307 br. 2. str. 27. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• Busby, Joshua (2018). „Warming World: Why Climate Change Matters More Than Anything Else”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 4. str. 49—55. 
• Cockburn, Andrew (2018). „How to Start a Nuclear War: The increasingly direct road to ruin”. Harper's. sv. 337 br. 2019. str. 51—58. 
• Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel. New York: W. W. Norton, updated eds., 2003, 2007. 
• Flournoy, Michèle; Sulmeyer, Michael (2018). „Battlefield Internet: A Plan for Securing Cyberspace”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 5. str. 40—46. 
• Fournet, Louis-Henri (1986). Diagrammatic Chart of World History. Editions Sides. ISBN 978-2-86861-096-6. 
• Frankopan, Peter (2015). The Silk Roads: A New History of the World. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-101-94632-9. 
• Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (Further Updated and Expanded izd.). New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-42507-4. 
• Gribbin, John (2018). „Alone in the Milky Way: Why we are probably the only intelligent life in the galaxy”. Scientific American. sv. 319 br. 3. str. 94—99. 
• Kornbluh, Karen (2018). „The Internet's Lost Promise and How America Can Restore It”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 5. str. 33—38. 
• Landes, David (1999). The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-31888-3. 
• Landes, David (2006). „Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?”. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 20 (2): 3—22. doi:10.1257/jep.20.2.3 . 
• Malley, Robert; Finer, Jon (2018). „The Long Shadow of 9/11: How Counterterrorism Warps U.S. Foreign Policy”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 4. str. 58—69. 
• McKibben, Bill (16. 7. 2018). „Catastrophic Climate Change”. The Nation. sv. 307 br. 2. str. 18—20. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• McKibben, Bill, "A Very Grim Forecast" (partly a review of Global Warming of 1.5 [degree] C: an IPCC Special Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available at www.ipcc.ch), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXV, no. 18 (22 November 2018), pp. 4, 6, 8.
• McKibben, Bill (26. 11. 2018). „Life on a Shrinking Planet: With wildfires, heat waves, and rising sea levels, large tracts of the earth are at risk of becoming uninhabitable”. The New Yorker. str. 46—55. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)
• McNeill, William H. (1963). The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 
• Nilekani, Nandan (2018). „Data to the People: India's Inclusive Internet”. Foreign Affairs. sv. 97 br. 5. str. 19—26. 
• Pomeranz, Kenneth (2000). The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton. 

Spoljašnje veze

Radovi vezani za članak Istorija Novoga veka na Vikizvorniku

• „Homo sapiens”. The Smithsonian Institutions's Human Origins Program. Smithsonian Institution. 8. 2. 2016. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 1. 2018. g. Pristupljeno 21. 5. 2017. CS1 održavanje: Format datuma (veza)