Srednjosibirska visoravan
Srednjosibirska visoravan (rus. Среднесибирское плоскогорье; jakut. Orto Sibiir haptal haialaah sire) je visoravan (plato) u istočnom delu Rusije, tj. istočnom delu Sibira i prostire se teritorijom Jakutije, Krasnojarske Pokrajine i Irkutske oblasti.
Srednjosibirska visoravan
Srednesibírskoe ploskogórьe | |
|---|---|
 Pogled na reku Donja Tunguska na Srednjosibirskoj visoravni | |
.svg)  Srednjosibirska visoravan Lokacija Rusiji | |
| Coordinates: 64° N 103° E / 64° S; 103° I | |
| Lokacija | Krasnojarska Pokrajina Jakutija Irkutska oblast |
| Deo | Sibir |
| Površina | |
| • Ukupno | 3.500.000 km2 (1.400.000 sq mi) |
| Dimensions | |
| • Dužina | 2.000 km (1.200 mi) |
| • Širina | 2.000 km (1.200 mi) |
| Elevacija | 1.678 m (5.505 ft) (najviša)[1] |
Visoravan je na jugu omeđena planskim vencom Istočnog Sajpana, te Pribajkalskim i Zabajkalskim vencom planina. Na zapadu, Zapadnosibirom nizijom (ravnicom), na severu Severnosibirskom nizijom, a na istoku Srednjojakutskom nizijom.
Kod Srednjosibirske visoravni se smenjuju široki pojas visoravni (platoa) i grebena. Najveća visina je 1701 m (Plato Putorana).
Dolinama Srednjosibirske visoravni prostiru se područja šuma i stepa. U okviru visoravni su nalazišta nikla, bakra, rude gvožđa, uglja, grafita, soli, nafte i prirodnog gasa.[2]
Reke sa visoravni su u slivu Arktičkog okeana, od kojih su najveće: Donja Tunguska, Potkamena Tunguska, Angara, Lena i desne pritoke Viljuj, Hatanga i reka Kotuj.
Geografija
urediPlato zauzima veliki deo centralnog Sibira između reka Jenisej i Lene. Nalazi se na Sibirskoj platformi i prostire se na površini od 3.500.000 km2 (1.400.000 sq mi), između Jeniseja na zapadu i Srednje jakutske nizije na istoku. Na jugu je omeđen planinama Altaj, grebenom Salajr, Kuznjeckijevim Alatauom, istočnim i zapadnim Sajanskim planinama i drugim planinama Tuve, kao i Severnim Bajkalskim visoravni i Bajkalskim planinama. Severno od visoravni prostire se Severnosibirska nizija, a na istoku visoravan ustupa mesto Centralnojakutskoj niziji i Lenskoj visoravni.[3]
Površinu Srednje Sibirske visoravni karakteriše smenjivanje širokih platoa i grebena, od kojih su neki oštro nazubljeni. Centralnosibirska visoravan pokriva jednu trećinu Sibira.[4]
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Podplatoi i podopsezi
urediSistem Centralnosibirske visoravni obuhvata niz manjih visoravni i podoblasti, uključujući, između ostalog, sledeće:[3]
- Visoravan Putorana,[10] najseverozapadnija, najviša tačka planina Kamen (najviša visoravni sistema) 1.678 m (5.505 ft)
- Anabarska visoravan[11][12] na severnom kraju, najviša tačka 905 m (2.969 ft)
- Visoravan Viljuj, najviša tačka 962 m (3.156 ft)[13][14]
- Plato Siverma, najviša tačka Nakson, 1.035 m (3.396 ft)[15][16]
- Tunguska visoravan, najviša tačka 866 m (2.841 ft)[17]
- Visoravan Lena, najviša tačka 700 m (2.300 ft).[18][19] Rezervat prirode Oljokma se nalazi na istočnoj strani, delom u okviru susedne aldanske visoravni.[20]
- Plato Lena-Angara, najviša tačka Namaj, 1.509 m (4.951 ft)
- Jenisejski lanac, najviša tačka 1.125 m (3.691 ft)
- Venac Angara, najviša tačka 1.022 m (3.353 ft)
Klima
urediKlima je kontinentalna sa kratkim toplim letima i dugim i veoma hladnim zimama. Veći deo teritorije je prekriven četinarskim šumama (ariš je posebno bogat). Glavna reka visoravni je Donja Tunguska. Geološki poznati kao Sibirske zamke, mineralni resursi ovde su veoma bogati i uključuju ugalj, ruda gvožđa, zlato, platina, dijamanti i prirodni gas.
Reference
uredi- ^ Russia. Topographic map R-45,46; M 1: 1 000 000
- ^ „Putorana plato, Sr. Sibirь_mineralogičeskie nahodki”. geo.web.ru. Pristupljeno 2018-03-21.
- ^ a b „Srednesibirskoe ploskogorьe (Central Siberian Plateau)”. Arhivirano iz originala 27. 07. 2020. g. / Great Russian Encyclopedia; in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- ^ „The Central Siberian Plateau”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Pristupljeno 2007-07-13.
- ^ „Putorana Plateau”. National Geographic. 2. 12. 2009. Pristupljeno 28. 8. 2012.
- ^ „Putorana Plateau”. UNESCO. Pristupljeno 28. 8. 2012.
- ^ Kottek, M., J. Grieser, C. Beck, B. Rudolf; F. Rubel, 2006. „World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated” (PDF) (na jeziku: engleski). Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006. Pristupljeno 14. 9. 2019.
- ^ „Dataset - Koppen climate classifications” (na jeziku: engleski). World Bank. Pristupljeno 14. 9. 2019.
- ^ Gertner, Igor; Tishin, Platon; Vrublevskii, Vassily; Sazonov, Anatoly; Zvyagina, Elena; Kolmakov, Yuriy (oktobar 2011). „Neoproterozoic Alkaline Igneous Rocks, Carbonatites and Gold Deposits of the Yenisei Ridge, Central Siberia”. Resource Geology. 61 (4): 316—343. doi:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2011.00170.x
.
- ^ „Plateau Putorana”. mapstor. Pristupljeno 29. 8. 2012.
- ^ Geological structure and relief of Taimyr
- ^ „Brioflora of the Anabar Plateau and Adjacent Areas” (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 23. 12. 2015. g. (in Russian)
- ^ Vilyui plateau // Dictionary of modern geographical names / Rus. geo about . Mosk. center; Under the total. ed. Acad. V.M. Kotlyakova . Institute of Geography RAS . - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2006
- ^ „A review of the nature and geophysical studies of the thick permafrost in Siberia”. doi:10.1029/2002JE001881.
- ^ „Relьef”. Arhivirano iz originala 21. 09. 2022. g. / Great Russian Encyclopedia; in 35 vol.] / Ch. ed. Yu.S. Osipov . - M .: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 2004—2017.
- ^ Enciclopedia Geografica De Agostini, ed. speciale per il Corriere della Sera, vol. 6, pag. 143
- ^ „Noginsk, Эvenkiйskiй municipalьnый raйon”. www.evenkya.ru. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 06. 2021. g. Pristupljeno 29. 03. 2023.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. „Lena Pillars Nature Park”. whc.unesco.org.
- ^ „Visit Yakutia”. Arhivirano iz originala 02. 07. 2020. g. Pristupljeno 29. 03. 2023.
- ^ „Olyokma Zapovednik (Official Site)” (na jeziku: ruski). Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Russia). Arhivirano iz originala 22. 5. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 15. 11. 2019.
Literatura
uredi- (Mountains of South Siberia) (in Russian) from: Gvozdetsky N. A., Mikhailov N. I. Physical geography of the USSR. M., Thought, 1978.
- Alexeev, Michael, and Shlomo Weber, eds (2013). The Oxford handbook of the Russian economy. Oxford UP. ISBN 0199759928. excerpt.
- Åslund, Anders. Russia's Crony Capitalism: The Path from Market Economy to Kleptocracy (Yale University Press, 2019). excerpt
- Connolly, Richard (2020). The Russian economy: a very short introduction. ISBN 0198848900. excerpt
- Davies, Robert William (28. 3. 1998). Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev (na jeziku: engleski). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62742-9.
- Gustafson, Thane (2012). Wheel of Fortune: The Battle for Oil and Power in Russia. Harvard UP. ASIN B00NPNPAZE.. excerpt
- Meyers, William Henry, Schmitz, Andrew, eds (2015). Transition to agricultural market economies: the future of Kazakhstan, Russia, and Ukraine.
- Miller, Chris (2018). Putinomics: Power and money in resurgent Russia. UNC Press Books. ISBN 146964066X.. excerpt
- Moser, Nat (2017). Oil and the Economy of Russia: From the Late-Tsarist to the Post-Soviet Period.
- Novokmet, Filip Thomas Piketty, and Gabriel Zucman (2017). From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905–2016
- Zinchenko, L. A., et al. "Main features of the Russian economy and its development." International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research 15.23 (2017): 265–272.
- Baxter, John; Atkins, Thomas; introduction by Asimov, Isaac. The Fire Came By: The Riddle of the Great Siberian Explosion, (Garden City, New York (state)) Doubleday, 1976. ISBN 978-0-385-11396-0. (New York) Warner Books, 1977. ISBN 978-0-446-89396-1. (London) Macdonald and Jane's. 1975. ISBN 978-0-446-89396-1.
- Bronshten, V. A. The Tunguska Meteorite: History of Investigations, (Moscow) A. D. . Selyanov: in Russian. 2000. ISBN 978-5-901273-04-3.
- Brown, John C.; Hughes, David. W. "Tunguska's comet and the non-thermal carbon-14 production in the atmosphere", Nature, Vol 268 (May) 1977 pp. 512–514.
- Chaikin, Andrew. "Target: Tunguska", Sky & Telescope, January 1984 pp. 18–21. The Kresak/Sekanina debate, in a very widely available journal. Cited in Verma.
- Christie, William H. "The great Siberian meteorite of 1908", The Griffith Observer, (Los Angeles) The Griffith Observatory, Vol 6 (April) 1942 pp. 38–47. This review is widely cited.
- Crowther, J. G. "More about the Great Siberian Meteorite", Scientific American, May 1931 pp. 314–317. Cited in Verma.
- Dunning, Brian (26. 10. 2021). „Skeptoid #803: What Really Happened at Tunguska: The true cause of one of history's most violent cataclysms remains a mystery... to a degree”. Skeptoid.
- Furneaux, Rupert. The Tungus Event: The Great Siberian Catastrophe of 1908, (New York) Nordon Publications, 1977. ISBN 978-0-8439-0619-6. (St. Albans) Panther. 1977. ISBN 978-0-586-04423-0.
- Gallant, Roy A. The Day the Sky Split Apart: Investigating a Cosmic Mystery, (New York) Atheneum Books for Children. 1995. ISBN 978-0-689-80323-9.
- Gallant, Roy A. "Journey to Tunguska", Sky & Telescope, June 1994 pp. 38–43. Cover article, with full-page map. Cited in Verma.
- Gasperini, Luca, Bonatti, Enrico and Longo, Giuseppe. „The Tunguska Mystery 100 Years Later”. Arhivirano iz originala 10. 08. 2011. g., Scientific American, June 2008.
- Krinov, E. L. Giant Meteorites, trans. J. S. Romankiewicz (Part III: The Tunguska Meteorite), (Oxford and New York) Pergamon Press, 1966.
- Lerman, J. C.; Mook, W. G.; Vogel, J. C. (1967). „Effect of the Tunguska Meteor and Sunspots on Radiocarbon in Tree Rings”. Nature. 216 (5119): 990—991. Bibcode:1967Natur.216..990L. S2CID 4147211. doi:10.1038/216990a0.
- Morgan, J. Phipps; Ranero, C. R.; Reston, T.J. (2004). „Contemporaneous mass extinctions, continental flood basalts, and 'impact signals': are mantle plume-induced lithospheric gas explosions the causal link?” (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 217 (3–4): 263—284. Bibcode:2004E&PSL.217..263P. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00602-2. Arhivirano (PDF) iz originala 7. 6. 2013. g. Pristupljeno 1. 7. 2008.
- Oliver, Charles P (1928). „The Great Siberian Meteorite”. Scientific American. 139 (1): 42—44. Bibcode:1928SciAm.139...42O. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0728-42. Cited in Baxter and Atkins, also in Verma.
- Ol'khovatov, A. Yu. "Geophysical Circumstances of the 1908 Tunguska Event in Siberia, Russia", Earth, Moon, and Planets, Vol 93 November 2003, pp. 163–173
- Perkins, Sid. "A Century Later, Scientists Still Study Tunguska", Science News, 21 June 2008 pp. 5–6. Includes 11 color photographs.
- Rubtsov, Vladimir. The Tunguska Mystery, (Dordrecht and New York) Springer, 2009. ISBN 978-0-387-76573-0. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4614-2925-8.
- Steel, Duncan (2008). „Tunguska at 100”. Nature. 453 (7199): 1157—1159. Bibcode:2008MNSSA..67...75.. PMID 18580919. doi:10.1038/4531157a . This is one of several articles in a special issue, cover title: "Cosmic Cataclysms".
- Stoneley, Jack; with Lawton, A. T. Cauldron of Hell: Tunguska, (New York) Simon & Schuster. 1977. ISBN 978-0-671-22943-6.
- Stoneley, Jack; with Lawton, A. T. Tunguska, Cauldron of Hell, (London) W. H. Allen. 1977. ISBN 978-0-352-39619-8.
- Verma, Surendra. The Tunguska Fireball: Solving One of the Great Mysteries of the 20th century, (Cambridge) Icon Books Ltd. 2005. ISBN 978-1-84046-620-1.
- Verma, Surendra. The Mystery of the Tunguska Fireball, (Cambridge) Icon Books Ltd., 2006. ISBN 978-1-84046-728-4, also (Crows Nest, NSW, Australia) Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd., 2006, with same ISBN. Index has "Lake Cheko" as "Ceko, Lake", without "h".
- Evgenii A. Vaganov; Malkolm K. Hughes; Pavel P. Silkin; Valery D. Nesvetailo (2004). „The Tunguska Event in 1908: Evidence from Tree-Ring Anatomy” (PDF). Astrobiology. 4 (3): 391—399. Bibcode:2004AsBio...4..391V. PMID 15383242. doi:10.1089/ast.2004.4.391.
- Alexeev, Sergey V; Alexander V. Drozdov; Tatyana I. Drozdova; Ludmila P. Alexeeva (16. 03. 2006). „The First Experience of Saline Drainage Waters Disposal from the Udachnaya Pipe Quarry into Permaforest”. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado at Boulder. Arhivirano iz originala 14. 11. 2007. g. Pristupljeno 2006-12-31.
Spoljašnje veze
uredi- The Demise of the Siberian Plume
- „№1 Travel Guide”. Arhivirano iz originala 26. 01. 2012. g.
