Википедија

Haritona

Haritona (sredinom 4. veka nove ere) je bila rimska carica, supruga cara Jovijana, rimskog cara. Neki istoričari sumnjaju u to da li je Harito dobila titulu Avguste jer nijedan arheološki dokaz to još ne potvrđuje.[1]

Ime uredi

Haritino ime se ne pojavljuje u delu Amijana Marcelina, jednom od glavnih izvora vladavine njenog muža. Čini se da je najraniji izvor koji beleži njeno ime „Hronografikon sintomon“ patrijarha Nićifora I od Konstantinopolja. Najraniji latinski izvor koji je to učinio bio je prevod hronografikona Anastasija Bibliotekara. Timoti Barns smatra da njeno odsustvo iz Amijanovog izveštaja odražava njen nedostatak političkog uticaja. Barns primećuje da Amijan ne imenuje Albiju Dominiku, Valensovu ženu, čiji je uticaj takođe bio ograničen.[2]

Porodica uredi

Prema Amijanu i Zosimu, Haritona je bila Lucilijanova ćerka. Lucilijan je bio vojni zapovednik smešten u Sirmijumu tokom kasne vladavine cara Konstancija II. Služio je kao komandant u sukobu sa Sasanidskim carstvom 350. godine. Zatim je služio kao komes domestikorum pod cezarom Konstancijem Galom.[3]

Godine 358 -359, Lucilijan i Prokopije su činili drugo poslanstvo koje je car Konstancije II poslao caru Šapuru II, pregovarajući o uslovima mira i vraćajući se bez rezultata.[4] Lucilijan je kasnije pokušao da se suprotstavi napredovanju Julijana i njegovih snaga protiv cara Konstancija II. Međutim, on je poražen i otpušten je iz rimske vojske kada se Julijan popeo na presto.[5]

Amijan i Zosim daju dva malo različita izveštaja o ulozi carskog tasta u kratkoj Jovijanovoj vladavini. Lucilijan je vraćen na dužnost i dobio je naređenje da se preseli u Mediolanum. U tajnosti, Jovijan ga je takođe zamolio da „sa sobom povede neke ljude odabrane zbog njihove iskušane snage i lojalnosti, sa namerom da iskoristi njihovu podršku kako bi uslovi predstavljeni lakšim nego što su bili“.[6]

Povratak Lucilijana u akciju dovešće do njegove smrti nešto kasnije. Ubili su ga njegovi ljudi nakon što je proširena lažna glasina po da je car Julijan još uvek živ.[7]

Prema Zosimu, Lucilijan je ubijen zato što je nosio lošu vest o Julijanovoj smrti.[8] Ova dva izveštaja se razlikuju po lokaciji smrti, Remsu ili Sirmijumu, i o tome koje su jedinice bile odgovorne. Amijan ga ostavlja nejasnim, dok Zosim ukazuje na određene jedinice.[9]

Carica uredi

Harito se udala za Jovijana, Varonijanovog sina. Njen svekar je bio tribun Jovijana i postaje domestikorum. Varonijan se povukao u privatni život za vreme Julijanove vladavine. Jovijan je takođe nastavio vojnu karijeru, služeći kao primikerius domestikorum pod carem Julijanom. Imali su najmanje jednog sina, takođe po imenu Varonijan.[3] Filostorgije tvrdi da je Varonijan bio jedan od dva sina. Drugi sin nije imenovan.[10] Međutim, ovo kratko pominjanje je jedini izvor koji pominje ili sugeriše postojanje drugog sina.[11]

Car Julijan je 26. juna 363. smrtno ranjen u bici kod Samare. Umro je nekoliko sati nakon završetka sukoba. Bio je bez dece i nikada nije odredio naslednika.[12] Dana 27. juna, preostali oficiri kampanje su nastavili da biraju novog cara, birajući Jovijana iz nejasnih razloga.[3] Haritona je postala nova carica.[13]

Car Jovijan i mlađi Varonijan služili su kao rimski konzuli 364. Rečnik hrišćanske biografije i književnosti do kraja šestog veka Henrija Vejsa beleži da su se Haritona i njihov sin pridružili caru do kraja 363, što se može utvrditi odlomkom Temistija. Ali Jovan Zonara izveštava da se Haritona i Jovijan nisu sreli tokom njegove vladavine, što je moguća greška prema Rečniku.[14][15] Car Jovijan je 17. februara 364. umro u Dadastani, a sačuvani su različiti izveštaji o načinu njegove smrti. Amijan, na primer, upoređuje smrt cara Jovijana sa smrću Scipiona Emilijana i čini se da je sumnjao na ubistvo.[3]

Eutropije izveštava da je car Jovijan „po dobroti careva koji su ga nasledili, deifikovan“,[16] što ukazuje da se praksa carskog kulta nastavila barem do ovog trenutka. Zonara izveštava da su car Jovijan i carica Haritona sahranjeni u crkvi Svetih Apostola u Konstantinopolju.[3]

Udovištvo uredi

Istorija opadanja i pada Rimskog carstva Edvarda Gibona izveštava da:

Telo Jovijanovo poslato je u Carigrad, da bude sahranjeno sa prethodnicima, a tužnu povorku na putu je dočekala njegova žena Haritona, ćerka komesa Lucilijana; koja je još plakala zbog nedavne smrti svog oca i žurila da osuši suze u zagrljaju carskog muža. Njeno razočaranje i tuga bili su ogorčeni strepnjom majčinske nežnosti. Šest nedelja pre Jovijanove smrti, njegov mali sin je postavljen u kurilsku stolicu, ukrašen titulom Nobilisimusa, i sujetnim počastima konzulstva. Nesvestan svog bogatstva, carski mladić, koji je od svog dede uzeo ime Varonijan, samo je ljubomora vlade podsetila da je sin cara. Šesnaest godina kasnije bio je još živ, ali je već bio lišen oka; a njegova napaćena majka očekivala je svakog časa, da će nevina žrtva biti otrgnuta iz njenog naručja, da svojom krvlju umiri sumnje vladajućeg princa.

[17]

Spominjanje da je Varonijan poluslep dolazi iz „Omilija o Filipljanima“ Jovana Zlatoustog. „Drugog opet, njegovog naslednika, uništile su štetne zavisnosti, i njegova čaša za njega više nije bila piće, već smrt. A njegovom sinu je izbodeno oko, iz straha od onoga što će uslediti, iako nije učinio ništa loše. " Luj-Sebastijen Le Nain de Tilemon prvi je identifikovao otrovanog cara sa carem Jovijanom, a sina sa Varonijanom. Gibon i drugi su sledili ovo tumačenje. Tilemont je pretpostavio da je Varonijan na kraju pogubljen, ali ne postoji antički ili srednjovekovni tekst koji podržava tu ideju.[18]

Pominjanje sudbine carice Harite dolazi iz „Pisma mladoj udovici“ patrijarha Jovana Zlatoustog, napisanog 380. godine.

Prelazeći sada kroz davna vremena, od onih koji su vladali u našem naraštaju, ukupno devetoro, samo su dvojica okončala život prirodnom smrću; a od ostalih jednog je pobio uzurpator, jednog u borbi, jednog od zavera njegovih kućnih čuvara, jednog od samog čoveka koji ga je izabrao i obukao u purpur, i od njihovih žena, neke su, kako se priča, umrle od otrova, druge su umrle od puke tuge; dok od onih koje su još preživele ima jedana, koja ima sina siroče, drhti od uplašenosti da ga neko od onih koji su na vlasti strepeći od onoga što se može desiti ne uništi, druga je nevoljno popustila mnogo molbi da se vrati iz izgnanstva u koje ju je on oterao koji je držao glavnu vlast.

[19]

Originalni odlomak je prilično nejasan u tome što se zapravo ne imenuju pomenuti carevi ili carice. Tumačenje koje su dali Gibon i drugi poistovećuje dva cara koja su umrla prirodnom smrću sa carem Konstantinom I i carem Konstancijem II. Uzurpator je ubio cara Konstansa I, ubijenog po naređenju uzurpatora Magnencija. Smatra se da je ubijeni u borbi bio car Konstantin II. Taj koga su njegovi čuvari ubili je car Jovijan, pošto je patrijarh Jovan Zlatousti isto verovanje izrazio u drugom svom tekstu. Čovek koji ga je uzdigao u purpur ubio je Konstancija Gala, koga je car Konstancije II proglasio za cezara i kasnije je pogubljen po naređenju istog cara. Smatra se da je carica koja treperi za životom svog sina carica Haritona. Ona koja se vraća iz progonstva uslovno se poistovećuje sa caricom Marinom Severom, prvom ženom cara Valentinijana I i majkom cara Gracijana. Međutim, identifikacija je veoma sumnjiva u ovom slučaju jer njen život nakon razvoda nije zabeležen u drugim izvorima.[19]

Bleteri je smatrao da je carica Haritona bila hrišćanin i komentariše „nikome više nisu bile potrebne čvrste utehe koje samo hrišćanstvo može da pruži“.[1]

Reference uredi

  1. ^ a b Select Works of Emperor Julian (1786), English anthology including a translation of the History of Jovian, p. 364. See also de La Bléterie, J. P., Histoire de Jovien, i. p. 1-238; and Garland, Lynda, Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium, AD 527-1204, Psychology Press, 1999. 1740. ISBN 978-0415146883. str. 229.
  2. ^ Timothy Barnes, "Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality" (1998), page 123.
  3. ^ a b v g d Thomas Banchich, "Jovian (363-364 A.D.)"
  4. ^ N. J. E. Austin and N. B. Rankov, "Exploratio:Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople" (1998), page 224.
  5. ^ According to Ammianus:"Rumour, which with a thousand tongues, as men say, strangely exaggerates the truth, spread herself abroad with many reports throughout all Illyricum, saying that Julian, after overthrowing a great number of kings and nations in Gaul, was on the way with a numerous army and puffed up by sundry successes. Alarmed by this news, the pretorian prefect Taurus speedily retreated, as if avoiding a foreign enemy, and using the rapid changes of the public courier-service, he crossed the Julian Alps, at the same stroke taking away with him Florentius, who was also prefect. Nonetheless, Count Lucillianus, who then commanded the troops stationed in those regions, with headquarters at Sirmium, having some slight intelligence of Julian's move, gathered together such forces as regard for speedy action allowed to be summoned from the neighbouring stations and planned to resist him when he should arrive. But Julian, like a meteor or a blazing dart, hastened with winged speed to his goal; and when he had come to Bononea, distant nineteen miles from Sirmium, as the moon was waning and therefore making dark the greater part of the night, he unexpectedly landed, and at once sent Dagalaifus with a light-armed force to summon Lucillianus, and if he tried to resist, to bring him by force. The prefect was still asleep, and when he was awakened by the noise and confusion and saw himself surrounded by a ring of strangers, he understood the situation and, overcome with fear on hearing the emperor's name, obeyed his command, though most unwillingly. So the commander of the cavalry, just now so haughty and self-confident, following another's behest, was set upon the first horse that could be found and brought before the emperor like a base captive, scarcely keeping his wits through terror. But when at first sight of Julian he saw that the opportunity was given him of bowing down to the purple, taking heart at last and no longer in fear for his life, he said: "Incautiously and rashly, my Emperor, you have trusted yourself with a few followers to another's territory." To which Julian replied with a bitter smile: "Reserve these wise words for Constantius, for I have offered you the emblem of imperial majesty, not as to a counsellor, but that you might cease to fear." - The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, vol. 2, Book 21, chapter 9. 1940 translation
  6. ^ "Procopius, a state-secretary, and the military tribune Memoridus were sent to the lands of Illyricum and Gaul, to announce the death of Julianus, and the elevation of Jovian (after Julianus's decease) to Augustan rank. To them the emperor had also given instructions to hand his father-in‑law Lucillianus, who after his dismissal from the army had retired to a life of leisure and was then living at Sirmium, the commission as commander of the cavalry and infantry which he had delivered to them, and urge him to hasten to Milan, in order to attend to any difficulties there, or if (as was now rather to be feared) any new dangers should arise, to resist them. To these instructions the emperor had added a secret letter, in which he also directed Lucillianus to take with him some men selected for their tried vigour and loyalty, with the view of making use of their support as the condition of affairs might suggest. And he took the prudent step of appointing Malarichus, who also was even then living in Italy in a private capacity, as successor to Jovinus, commander of the cavalry in Gaul, sending him the insignia of that rank. Thereby he aimed at a double advantage: first, in getting rid of a general of distinguished service and therefore an object of suspicion; and, second, the hope that a man of slight expectations, when raised to a high rank, might show great zeal in supporting the position of his benefactor, which was still uncertain. Also the men who were commissioned to carry out these plans were ordered to set the course of events in a favourable light, and wherever they went, to agree with each other in spreading the report that the Parthian campaign had been brought to a successful end. They were to hasten their journey by adding night to day, to put into the hands of the governors and the military commanders of the provinces the messages of the new emperor, to secretly sound the sentiments of all of them, and to return steadily with their replies, in order that as soon as it was learned how matters stood in the distant provinces, timely and careful plans might be made for safeguarding the imperial power." - The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, vol. 2, Book 25, chapter 8. 1940 translation
  7. ^ "After this the emperor left Tarsus, and making long marches arrived at Tyana, a town of Cappadocia, where on their return the secretary Procopius and the tribune Memoridus met him. They gave him an account of their missions, beginning (as order demanded) with the entry of Lucillianus with the tribunes Seniauchus and Valentinianus, whom he had taken with him, into Mediolanum; but on learning that Malarichus had refused to accept the position he had gone at full speed to Rheims. Then, as if that nation were in profound peace, he ran off the track (as the saying is), and quite out of season, since everything was not yet secure, devoted his attention to examining the accounts of a former actuary. This man, being conscious of deceit and wrongdoing, fled for refuge to the army and falsely asserted that Julianus was still alive and that a man of no distinction had raised a rebellion; in consequence of his falsehoods a veritable storm broke out among the soldiery, and Lucillianus and Seniauchus were killed. For Valentinianus, who was shortly afterwards emperor, in terror and not knowing where to turn, was safely gotten out of the way by Primitivus, his guest-friend. This sad news was followed by another message, this time a happy one, namely, that soldiers sent by Jovinus, heads of the divisions, as camp parlance termed them, were on the way, reporting that the Gallic army embraced with favour the rule of Jovian - The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, vol. 2, Book 25, chapter 10. 1940 translation
  8. ^ "Jovian now turning his attention to the affairs of government, made various arrangements, and sent Lucilianus his father-in-law, Procopius, and Valentinian, who was afterwards emperor, to the armies in Pannonia, to inform them of the death of Julian, and of his being chosen emperor. The Batavians who were at Sirmium, and were left there for its protection, as soon as they received the news, put to death Lucilianus who brought such unwelcome intelligence, without regard to his relationship to the emperor. Such was the respect they had to Jovian's relations, that Valentinian himself only escaped from the death they intended to inflict on him." Zosimus, New History, Book 3. 1814 translation.
  9. ^ Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
  10. ^ Philostorgius: Church History; translation by Philip R. Amidon. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. 2007. ISBN 90-04-14671-7.; Book 8, chapter 8, p. 114.
  11. ^ Lenski 2002, str. 20
  12. ^ Walter E. Roberts and Michael DiMaio, Jr,"
  13. ^ According to Ammianus: "It was said that his father, Varronianus, learned what would happen long beforehand from the suggestion of a dream, and trusted the information to two of his confidential friends, adding the remark that the consular robe would be conferred also on himself. But although one prophecy was fulfilled, he could not attain the other prediction. For after learning of the elevation of his son, he was overtaken by death before seeing him again. And since it was foretold to the old man in a dream that the highest magistracy awaited one of that name, his grandson Varronianus, then still a child, was ... made consul together with his father Jovianus." - The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, vol. 2, Book 25, chapter 10. 1940 translation
  14. ^ Thomas Banchich, Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies. by Henry Wace, entry "Jovian".
  15. ^ Ammianus records:"When the emperor had entered Ancyra, after the necessary arrangements for his procession had been made, so far as the conditions allowed, he assumed the consulship, taking as his colleague in the office his son Varronianus, who was still a small child; and his crying and obstinate resistance to being carried, as usual, on the curule chair, were an omen of what presently occurred."The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus, vol. 2, Book 25, chapter 10. 1940 translation. The historian interprets the crying consul as an ill omen, preceding the early death of Jovian.
  16. ^ Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History, Book 10. 1853 translation
  17. ^ Edward Gibbon, "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire", vol. 2, chapter 25
  18. ^ John Chrysostom, "Homilies on Philippians.", 19th century translation, edited by Philip Schaff (1819 - 1913)
  19. ^ a b John Chrysostom, "Letter to a Young Widow.", 1886 translation by W. R. W. Stephens

Literatura uredi

  • Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (2002). Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. str. 20. ISBN 0-520-23332-8. 
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