Википедија

Huni

варварски народ
Za drugu upotrebu, pogledajte stranicu Huni (faraon).

Huni su bili nomadski narod koji je živeo u azijskoj unutrašnjosti životom stepskih konjanika, u čvrstom vojničkom uređenju. Još od prastarih vremena igrali su značajnu ulogu u azijskom svetu. Pokorivši mnoga mongolska plemena, Huni su osnovali u kineskom susedstvu ogromnu i silnu državu. Odatle su vekovima navaljivali na Kineze, koji su protiv njih podigli i Kineski zid (oko 200. p. n. e.), ali je Kina ipak uspela da razori Hunsko carstvo. Od tada su se mase Huna ili pokorile Kini, ili, u velikim masama, odselile iz kineskog dometa. Uskoro nakon toga se pominju i turko-mongolski stepski Huni, na srednjoj Volgi, ali se ne zna sigurno, jesu li oni istovetni sa Hunima, odseljenim iz susedstva Kine. Od tih Huna odvojio se jedan veliki deo (zapadni Huni), koji je zašao dublje u evropsku unutrašnjost, u drugoj polovini 4 veka. Spuštajući se najpre na Kaspijsko jezero i prema Kavkazu, zapadni Huni su pregazili kavkaske Alane,[1] pokorili na Crnom moru germanske Istočne Gote, prisilili na migraciju, iz Besarabije i Rumunije, preko Dunava na rimski Balkan, Zapadne Gote (375), i izazvali time epohalne događaje u evropskoj istoriji.

Carstvo Huna

Poreklo uredi

Huni su bili „konfederacija ratničkih grupa”, spremni da integrišu druge grupe radi povećanja svoje vojne moći, na Evrazijskoj stepi od 4. do 6. veku.[2] Većina aspekata njihove etnogeneze (uključujući njihov jezik i njihove veze sa drugim narodima stepe) nisu sigurni.[3][4] Valter Pohl eksplicitno kaže: „Sve što možemo reći sigurno je da se ime Huni, u kasnoj antici, odnosilo na prestižne vladajuće grupe stepskih ratnika.”[5]

Rimski istoričar Amijan Markelin, koji je početkom 390. godine završio svoj rad istorije Rimskog carstva, zabeležio je da se „narodi Huna … žive iznad Azovskog mora u blizini zamrznutog okeana”.[6][7] Jeronim ih je povezao sa Skitima u pismu, napisanom četiri godine nakon što su Huni napali istočne pokrajine imperije 395. godine.[8] Poistovećivanje Huna sa Skitima, zajedno sa opštim strahom od dolaska Antihrista krajem 4. veka, dovela je do njihove identifikacije sa Gogom i Magogom (koga je Aleksandar Veliki zatvorio iza nepristupačnih planina, prema popularnoj legenda). Ova demonizacija Huna se takođe odražava u Jordanesovoj Getici, napisanoj u 6. veku, koji ih predstavlja kao ljude koji se spuštaju od „nečistih duhova” i proteruju gotske veštice.

Izgled uredi

Pošto Huni nisu imali pismo i stoga nisu čuvali pisane dokumente, sve preživele zapise su napisali neprijatelji Huna, nijedan od kojih ne opisuje Hune kao privlačne bilo moralno ili po izgledu. Jordanes, gotski pisac u Italiji 551. godine, jedan vek nakon raspada Huniskog carstva, opisuje Hune kao divlju rasu, koja se prvo obitavala u močvarama, zastrašujuće, gnusno i sitno pleme, sa slabo razvijenim jezikom, koji u maloj meri nalikuje ljudskom govoru.[9]‍:127–8

Objašnjenje mape uredi

Mapa prikazuje imperiju Atile u zenitu moći, negde oko 450. godine.

Zvezda pokazuje mesto Atilinog sedišta (mađ. Székhey), čija tačna lokacija nije poznata. Po podacima koji su danas dostupni, Atilino sedište je bilo ili na mestu rimskog grada Akvinukuma, danas Budimpešta ili je njegov pokretni dvor, kako je opisano od strane rimskog diplomate Priska kada je bio u poseti Atili, bio pomeran u zavisnosti od potreba i trenutnih prilika u imperiji, ali u većini slučajeva u okolini reke Tise.

Galerija uredi

  •  
    Mapa kretanja Huna
  •  
    Huni osvajaju Evropu
  •  
    Huni osvajaju Galiju 451. godine

Vidi još uredi

Reference uredi

  1. ^ Sinor 1990, str. 180.
  2. ^ Pohl 1999, str. 501–502.
  3. ^ Heather 2010, str. 502.
  4. ^ de la Vaissière 2015, str. 176.
  5. ^ Pohl 1999, str. 502.
  6. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus: The Later Roman Empire (31.2.). str. 411.
  7. ^ de la Vaissière 2015, str. 177.
  8. ^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, str. 4.
  9. ^ „Who was Who in Roman Times: The Goths by Jordanes”. Arhivirano iz originala 06. 03. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 4. 2. 2017. 

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Spoljašnje veze uredi

 
Huni na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.
Preuzeto iz „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Хуни&oldid=27548950”