Istorija Mongolije

Razna nomadska carstva, uključujući Sjungnu (3. vek pne do 1. veka), državu Sjanba (око 93. do 234. godine), Rouranski kaganat (330-555), Turkijski kaganat (552-744) i druge, vladala su oblašću današnje Mongolije. Kidanski narod, koji je koristio para-mongolski jezik, formirao je državu poznatu kao dinastija Ljao (907-1125) u Centralnoj Aziji i vladali su Mongolijom i delovima današnjeg Ruskog dalekog istoka, severne Koreje, i Severne Kine.

Godine 1206 Džingis-kan je uspeo da ujedini i pokori Mongole, udruživši ih u borbenu silu koja je uspostavila najveće neprekidno kopneno carstvo u svetskoj istoriji, Mongolsko carstvo (1206-1368). Budizam u Mongoliji počeo je sa konverzijom Juanskih careva u tibetanski budizam.

Nakon propasti dinastije Juan bazirane u Kini 1368. godine, Mongoli su se vratili svojim ranijim obrascima unutrašnjih previranja. Mongoli su se takođe vratili svojim starim šamanskim putevima nakon propasti svoje imperije i tek u 16. i 17. veku budizam se ponovo pojavio.

Krajem 17. veka današnja Mongolija postala je deo oblasti kojom je upravljala manžurska dinastija Ćing. Za vreme pada Ćinga 1911. godine, Mongolija je proglasila nezavisnost, ali morala se boriti do 1921. godine za čvrsto uspostavljanje de fakto nezavisnosti i do 1945. da stekne međunarodno priznanje. Kao posledica toga, Mongolija je bila pod snažnim sovjetskim uticajem: 1924. godine proglašena je Narodna Republika Mongolija, a mongolska politika počela je da sledi iste obrasce kao tadašnja sovjetska politika. Nakon Revolucije iz 1989. godine, Mongolska revolucija iz 1990. godine dovela je do višestranačkog sistema, novog ustava iz 1992. godine i prelaska na tržišnu ekonomiju.

Praistorija

Glavni članci: Praistorijska Mongolija i Proto-Mongoli

Klima Centralne Azije je postala veoma suva nakon velike tektonske kolizije između Indijske ploče i Evrazijske ploče. Ovaj sudar je uzrokovao formiranje ogromnog lanca planina poznatog kao Himalaji. Planine Himalaji, Veliki Hingan i Manji Hingan deluju poput visokog zida, sprečavajući toplu i vlažnu klimu da prodre u centralnu Aziju. Mnoge planine Mongolije su formirane tokom perioda kasnog neogena i ranog kvartara. Mongolska klima je bila vlažnija pre nekoliko stotina hiljada godina. Poznato je da je Mongolija izvor paleontoloških otkrića neprocenjive vrednosti. Prva naučno potvrđena jaja dinosaurusa pronađena su u Mongoliji tokom ekspedicije američkog Muzeja prirodne istorije 1923. godine, koju je vodio Roj Čepmen Endruz.

Tokom srednje do kasne eocenske epohe, Mongolija je bila dom mnogih paleogenih sisara, a najistaknutiji od njih su Sarkastodon i Andrewsarchus.

Homo erectus je verovatno naseljavao Mongoliju pre više od 800.000 godina, ali fosili Homo erektusa još uvek nisu pronađeni u Mongoliji. Kameno oruđe je pronađeno u južnom delu Gobija, verovatno od pre 800.000 godina. Važna praistorijska nalazišta su paleolitički pećinski crteži iz Hokd tenherin akva (Severne plave pećine) u provinciji Hovd, i Cagaan akva (Bele pećine) u provinciji Bajanhongor. Neolitsko poljoprivredno naselje je pronađeno u provinciji Dornod. Savremeni nalazi iz zapadne Mongolije uključuju samo privremene logore lovaca i ribolovaca. Stanovništvo tokom bakarnog doba opisano je kao paleomongolidno na istoku onoga što je sada Mongolija, i kao evropidno na zapadu.

Literatura

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Spoljašnje veze

• John Stewart Bowman "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture"
• Map of the Capital Districts of the Kidan Empire
• Map of the Kidan period
• Kidans and Jurjens
• Dual Manichaeism in Uighuria and Iran
• Realm of the Mongols
• Mongolia – Entry on Mongolia from the 1907 Catholic Encyclopedia
• Biography of Zanabazar and history of dissemination of Buddhism in Mongolia by Don Croner
• History of Mongolia : Chronology and details Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (20. октобар 2019)
• Face Music – History: Horsemen – Nomads
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• PREHISTORY OF MONGOLIA
• Fossils found in Khentii aimag of Mongolia might Prehistoric Rhinoceros
• Dinosaurs from Mongolia as reported in 1924
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• Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai
• High Altai - Central Asia - Petroglyphs - Prehistoric Rock Paintings
• PREHISTORIC PARK - MYSTERIES OF PREHISTORIC MONGOLIA
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• MONGOLIA -- TEN PREHISTORIC SITES DISCOVERED
• Two prehistoric villages found in Mongolia
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• New prehistoric discoveries in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (26. фебруар 2015)
• Palaeocritti - a guide to prehistoric animals
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• The Rock Art of Inner Mongolia & Ningxia (China)