Википедија

Помоћ:Footnotes

За the official guideline on citing sources погледајте страницу Wikipedia:Citing sources.
WP:FN преусмерава овде. За the fringe theories noticeboard погледајте страницу Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard.

This page explains how to create the Footnotes section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of footnotes. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in Citing sources.

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:

The use of Footnotes is only one of several options for providing source information in the article. Other systems of inline citation, including Скраћене фусноте and Референцирање у заградама, may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on Variation in citation methods.

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence, because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on When you must use inline citations, the Good article criteria and When to cite. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on Citing sources and examples of Citation templates.

Footnotes are created using the Cite.php software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements <ref>...</ref>, <references /> and <references>...</references>. The elements are also used in a number of templates; for example, it is becoming more common to use {{reflist}} rather than <references /> as it can style the reference list.

Overview

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Шаблон:VE documentation The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:

  • A Footnote marker is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: [1] [a] [Note 1]. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. Hovering over a footnote marker will, depending on the user's settings, show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
  • A Footnote displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.
Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be [1], the second would be [2] and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: [a][b][c], [Note 1] [Note 2] [Note 3].
For a single use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
1. ^ Референца
If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
2. ^ a b c Референца
Clicking on the backlink or pressing backspace ← returns to the footnote marker.

Footnotes in action

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This is a footnote marker.[1]

  1. ^ This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.

Footnotes: the basics

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To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the <ref>...</ref> tags. For example:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
This is page content.<ref>LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref>
{{reflist}}

This is page content.[1]

  1. ^ LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18
The {{reflist}} template will be explained in the next section.

The content inside the <ref>...</ref> will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see WP:REFPUNC. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
...text.<ref>Content of the reference</ref>
{{reflist}}

...text.[1]     Right

  1. ^ Content of the reference 
...text<ref>Content of the reference</ref>.
{{reflist}}

...text[1].     Wrong (tag before punctuation)

  1. ^ Content of the reference 
...text. <ref>Content of the reference</ref>
{{reflist}}

...text. [1]     Wrong (space before tag)

  1. ^ Content of the reference

The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wikimarkup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the pipe trick and template substitution will not work in footnotes. For example:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref>
{{reflist}}

This is page content.[1]

  1. ^ LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref>
{{reflist}}

This is page content.[1]

  1. ^ LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
sp " ' < > [ ] { | }
%20 %22 %27 %3c %3e %5b %5d %7b %7c %7d
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

Reference lists: the basics

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Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is saved and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like.

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

This is page content.[1]

References
  1. ^ LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18

Notes

Пречица
  • In some cases, a page has more than one reference list. Until 2014, multiple uses of {{reflist}} on the same page required use of a |close= parameter; that bug has been fixed and the|close= parameter may safely be removed.
  • When editing, <references /> may be seen instead of {{reflist}}. This is valid, but <references /> does not offer the advanced features of {{reflist}}.

Footnotes: using a source more than once

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Пречице

You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using named footnotes. The syntax to define a named footnote is:

<ref name="name">content</ref>

To invoke the named footnote:

<ref name="name" />

Имена фуснота и група морају да поштују следећа правила:

  • Имена су осетљива на велика и мала слова (енгл. case-sensitive).
  • Имена не морају да буду чисто нумеричка.
  • Имена морају да буду јединствена — не сме се користити исто име за дефинисање различитих група или фуснота.
  • Знаци навода су опциони али само ако су једини коришћени карактери/знакови слова A—Z или a—z, цифре 0—9, те симболи !$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~.
  • Коришћење било којих других карактера/знакова, укључујући размаке, захтева затварање имена у наводнике: name="име референце". (Како сви будући уређивачи неће знати о овом техничком ограничењу, препоручује се коришћење наводника у свим случајевима.)
  • Знакови навода морају да буду стандардни равни наводници, који се користе у енглеском језику ("); извијени или било који други наводници ће бити рашчлањени/обрађени као део имена референце.
  • Имена затворена у знаке навода не смеју да укључују знак „је мање” (<) или сам дупли равни знак навода ("). „Кршење” ових правила је могуће избећи коришћењем &lt; и &quot;, редом, а резултат ће бити исти као и да су директно употребљени < од. ".
  • Молимо имати у виду коришћење што једноставнијих имена, те стандардног енглеског алфабета и стандардних цифара.
  • Дефинисање имена је опционо и име је могуће дефинисати чак и када то није нужно. Ово ће учинити евентуалну поновну употребу референце у одређеном чланку лакшом, те тиме убрзати уређивање.
Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" />
{{reflist}}

This is page content.[1] This is more content.[1]

  1. ^ а б LibreOffice for Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18

The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have a connection to the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name, by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">''OpenOffice for Experts'', Lexington, 2004, p. 18</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" />
{{reflist}}

This is starter content.[1] This is expert content.[2] And more starter content.[1] And more expert content.[2]

  1. ^ а б LibreOffice for Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18
  2. ^ а б OpenOffice for Experts, Lexington, 2004, p. 18

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

<ref name=name group=groupname>Content</ref>

Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See Avoiding common mistakes

Reference lists: columns

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Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{reflist}} for technical details

When using {{reflist}}, the list can be split into columns.

{{reflist|xxem}} where xx is the column width in em.

By setting the width in em, the number of columns will automatically be adjusted to the width of the display.

For example:

20em wide columns
Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name.</ref>
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

Lorem ipsum.[1] Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[2]

References
  1. ^ Source name.
  2. ^ Source name.

There is no hard rule on the column width to use, but some major practices include:

List-defined references

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Пречица
Главна страница: Help:List-defined references

Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location and avoids cluttering the text (and any infobox). This is purely a source code change – the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected. For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see WP:LDRHOW. The syntax is: 

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="name1">Content</ref>
<ref name="name2">Content</ref>
<ref name="name...n">Content</ref>
}}

or, alternatively, 

<references>
<ref name="name1">Content</ref>
<ref name="name2">Content</ref>
<ref name="name...n">Content</ref>
</references>

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog" />
Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes" />
How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs" />

==References==
{{reflist|
refs=
<ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref>
<ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref>
<ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref>
}}

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.[1] Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.[2] How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.[3]

References
  1. ^ This is the lazy dog reference.
  2. ^ This is the jukeboxes reference.
  3. ^ This is the jumping frogs reference.

The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, in the order that they are first referred to in the content, regardless of their order within the list. All references in reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.

Footnotes: embedding references

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Пречица
Види још: WP:Nesting footnotes

Explanatory notes may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the Cite.php software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of <ref>...</ref> tags cannot be placed inside another pair of <ref>...</ref> tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The template {{refn}} may be used to nest references. The markup is:

{{refn|name=name|group=group|content}} where name and group are optional. The content may include <ref> tags.

The other templates listed below in Predefined groups are variants of {{refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Example:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|group=nb|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.[nb 1]

Notes
  1. ^ A footnote.[1]
References
  1. ^ A reference for the footnote.

The use of the magic word #tag:ref is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

{{#tag:ref|refcontent|name=name|group=groupname}}

Footnotes: groups

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Пречице

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.

The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:

<ref group=groupname>Content</ref>

The footnote marker group name must be enclosed in quotes if the group name includes a space, else a cite error will occur, otherwise quotes are optional.

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:

{{reflist|group=groupname}}

The reference list group name does not need to be enclosed in quotes.

Example:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

This part of the text requires clarification,[note 1] whereas the entire text is cited.[1] And this needs even more clarification.[note 2]

Notes
  1. ^ Listed separately from the citation
  2. ^ Another note
References
  1. ^ Citation.

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

When using both names and groups, the syntax is:

<ref name=name group=groupname>Content</ref>

For the repeated note:

<ref name=name group=groupname />

Footnotes: predefined groups

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Пречице
За technical details погледајте страницу Help:Cite link labels.
За Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes погледајте страницу Help:Shortened footnotes § Explanatory notes.
Види још: Wikipedia:Citing sources § Variation in citation methods и Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout § Notes and references

There are several predefined groups that can have a styled reference list such that the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the footnote in the reference list. These predefined groups and reference lists have templates that make the markup simpler and also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference.

Group name Footnote marker template
or markup		 Reference list template Sample labels
none <ref>...</ref> {{reflist}} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
none {{refn}} for nested references {{reflist}} 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
lower-alpha {{efn}} {{notelist}} a b c d e f g h i j
upper-alpha {{efn-ua}} {{notelist-ua}} A B C D E F G H I J
lower-roman {{efn-lr}} {{notelist-lr}} i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x
upper-roman {{efn-ur}} {{notelist-ur}} I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
lower-greek[а] {{efn-lg}} {{notelist-lg}} α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ
  1. ^ Not supported by Internet Explorer 7 and below
  • {{efn}} supports |name= and |group=, which work the same as the parameters in <ref>. Do not enclose values in quotes.
  • {{notelist}} supports the column parameter, |refs= and |group= which work the same as the parameters in {{reflist}}. Do not enclose values in quotes.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

With lower-alpha labels
Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[а] Consectetur adipisicing elit.[б] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.[в]

  1. ^ Footnote 1
  2. ^ Footnote 2
  3. ^ Footnote 3
With lower-roman labels
Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}}

{{notelist-lr}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[i] Consectetur adipisicing elit.[ii] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.[iii]

  1. ^ Footnote 1
  2. ^ Footnote 2
  3. ^ Footnote 3
With named references
Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[а] Consectetur adipisicing elit.[б] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.[а]

  1. ^ а б Footnote 1
  2. ^ Footnote 2
With named references, the references are defined in the notelist
Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}}

{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}}
{{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}}
}}

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.[а] Consectetur adipisicing elit.[б] Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.[а]

  1. ^ а б Very long footnote 1
  2. ^ Very long footnote 2

Issues

  • Multiple backlink labels are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{efn}} is used.
  • The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
    • The value for |group= in {{reflist}} or <references /> does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{efn}} or variant as |group= will not be needed.
    • The value for |group= in {{reflist}} or <references /> is enclosed by quotes; use {{efn}} or variant as |group= will not be needed.
    • {{reflist}} is indented with the : markup.
    • <references /> is used instead of {{reflist}}
  • The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
    • A reference is included in {{navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to bodyclass=hlist; to resolve this, replace the style with listclass=hlist.
  • Including external link markup will result in an error. Use the {{URL}} template instead: {{URL|1=url name|2=optional display text}}.


Reference lists: automatically generated

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Главна страница: Help:Automatically generated reference list

A page with <ref> tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.

Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following. Add it at the position where the reference list would normally appear. 

==References==
{{reflist}}

On talk pages, the {{reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.

Footnotes: page numbers

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Главна страница: Help:References and page numbers

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. One common approach is to use shortened citations, which requires the use of a References section following the footnotes section. Another approach is to attach a {{rp|8}} right after the footnote marker and replace the "8" with the appropriate page number.

For example:

Викиозначавање Резултат у чланку 
Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book
 | last = Schudson
 | first = Michael
 | title = The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life
 | publisher = Simon & Schuster
 | date = 1998
 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ
 | isbn =0-684-82729-8 }}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241}}

Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.[1]‍:8 But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest[1]‍:12 while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.[1]‍:18 Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.[1]‍:241

References
  1. ^ а б в г Schudson, Michael (1998). The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82729-8. 

When using list-defined references, {{r}} can be used for the same style of in-text page references.

Previewing edits

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When you edit a single section of a page, the footnotes list will not be visible when you preview your edits. Thus you ordinarily cannot see how your footnotes will later appear when you save your edits.

You can insert a {{reflistp}} into the edited section temporarily and remove it before saving; it will show references defined in the section being edited, although you will still not be able to see named references which were defined in other sections.

Tools that can be used are the user:js/ajaxPreview or User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js scripts or the wikEd gadget.

RefToolbar

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Главна страница: Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0
 
Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference.
 
Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source.

You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.

Issues and limitations

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See also

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Преузето из „https://sr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Помоћ:Footnotes&oldid=28836391”