Skupština
Skupština, parlament ili narodno predstavništvo je najviše predstavničko telo i nosilac ustavotvorne i zakonodavne vlasti u savremenim političkim sistemima.
U današnjem obliku, nastala je tek dva-tri veka unazad kao jedna od najvažnijih tekovina građanske revolucije i kao jedan od temelja demokratije i građanske države.
Reč „skupština“ potiče od glagola „skupljati“, a označava mesto na kome se skupljaju predstavnici naroda. Strani naziv „parlament“ potiče od riječi parlare, što znači govoriti, raspravljati. Najstariji parlament je islandski Alting osnovan 930. godine.
Kod Slovena, počeci skupštinskog života sežu u prošlost, kada su na narodnim saborima predstavnici naroda (obično „viđeniji“ ljudi ili upravnici oblasti), na poziv vladara, raspravljali o najvažnijim državnim pitanjima.
Parlament se istorijski razvio u Engleskoj, a prvobitna namena mu je bila u domenu određivanja visine poreza, da bi se potom opseg odlučivanja proširio na sud i, konačno, zakonodavstvo.
Skupština može biti jednodomna, dvodomna ili iz više domova (retko), a u današnjem političkom životu, u unitarnim državama, donji dom je obično jači, dok su u federalnim jednaki (gornji dom je obično dom federalnih jedinica).
Rani parlamenti uredi
Od davnina, kada su društva bila plemenska, postojala su veća ili poglavar čije su odluke ocenjivale starešine sela. To se naziva tribalizam.[2] Neki naučnici sugerišu da je u drevnoj Mesopotamiji postojala primitivna demokratska vlada u kojoj je kraljeve ocenjivao savet.[3] Isto je rečeno za drevnu Indiju, gde je postojao neki oblik deliberativnih skupova, te je stoga postojao i neki oblik demokratije.[4] Međutim, ove tvrdnje ne prihvata većina naučnika, koji vide ove oblike vladavine kao oligarhije.[5][6][7][8][9]
Drevna Atina je bila kolevka demokratije.[10] Atinska skupština (ἐκκλησία, eklesija) bila je najvažnija institucija, i u raspravi je mogao učestvovati svaki slobodan građanin. Robovi i žene nisu mogli. Međutim, atinska demokratija nije bila reprezentativna, već direktna, te se eklesija razlikovala od parlamentarnog sistema.
Rimska republika je imala zakonodavne skupštine, koje su imale poslednju reč u pogledu izbora sudija, donošenja novih statuta, sprovođenja smrtne kazne, objavom rata i mira i stvaranjem (ili raspuštanjem) saveza.[11] Rimski senat je kontrolisao novac, administraciju i detalje spoljne politike.[12]
Neki muslimanski naučnici tvrde da je islamska šura (metoda donošenja odluka u islamskim društvima) analogna parlamentu.[13] Međutim, drugi naučnici (naročito iz Hizb ut-Tahrir) ističu ono što smatraju fundamentalnim razlikama između sistema šura i parlamentarnog sistema.[14][15][16]
Nazivi za parlamente u svetu uredi
- Poljska - Parlament
(koga čine Sejm i Senat) - Češka - Parlament
(koga čine Poslanički dom i Senat) - Severna Makedonija - Sobranje
- Island - Alting
- Norveška - Storting
- Danska - Folketing
- Švedska - Riksdag
- Izrael - Kneset
- Ukrajina - Rada
- Belorusija - Narodna skupština
(koju čine Poslanički dom i Savet Republike) - Iran - Medžlis
- Španija - Kortes
- SAD - Kongres
- Rusija - Federalna skupština
(koju čine Državna duma i Savet Federacije) - Hrvatska - Sabor
- Finska - Eduskunta
- Albanija - Kuvendi
- Nemačka - Bundestag
- Švajcarska - Savezni skup
(koga čine Državni savet i Savet kantona) - Slovenija - Parlament
(koga čine Državni zbor i Državni savet)
Vidi još uredi
Reference uredi
- ^ Rush, Michael (2005). Parliament Today. Manchester University Press. str. 141. ISBN 9780719057953.
- ^ Political System Encyclopædia Britannica Online
- ^ Jacobsen, Thorkild (1943). „Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 2 (3): 159—172. JSTOR 542482. S2CID 162148036. doi:10.1086/370672..
- ^ Robinson, Eric W. (1997). The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-06951-8.
- ^ Bailkey, Nels (1967). „Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development”. The American Historical Review. 72 (4): 1211—1236. JSTOR 1847791. doi:10.2307/1847791..
- ^ Larsen, J. A. O. (1973). „Demokratia”. Classical Philology. 68 (1): 45—46. JSTOR 268788. S2CID 224791063. doi:10.1086/365921..
- ^ de Sainte, C.G.E.M. (1981). The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World: From the Archaic Age to the Arab Conquests. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-1442-3.
- ^ Bongard-Levin, G.M. (1986). A complex study of Ancient India. South Asia Books. ISBN 81-202-0141-8.
- ^ Sharma, J.P. (1968). Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
- ^ John Dunn:Democracy: A History, p.24
- ^ Abbott, Frank Frost (1901). A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions. Elibron Classics. ISBN 0-543-92749-0.
- ^ Byrd, Robert (1995). The Senate of the Roman Republic. US Government Printing Office Senate Document 103–23.
- ^ „The Shura Principle in Islam – by Sadek Sulaiman”. alhewar.com.
- ^ The System of Islam, (Nidham ul Islam) by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. septembar 2022), Al-Khilafa Publications, 1423 AH – 2002 CE, p.61
- ^ The System of Islam, by Taqiuddin an-Nabhani Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (13. septembar 2022), p.39
- ^ „Shura and Democracy”. ijtihad.org.
Literatura uredi
- Blackstone, Sir William. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Davies, M. (2003). Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords, 19th ed. Arhivirano na sajtu Wayback Machine (19. decembar 2005)
- May, Thomas Erskine (1862). The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George Third, 1760-1860. I.; vol 2 online
- Maddicott, John (2010). The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-958550-4.
- Paul Brand. "Review of Maddicott, John Robert, _The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327_." in H-Albion, H-Net Reviews. September, 2011. online
- Sayles, G. O. The King's Parliament of England (1974), brief survey
- "Parliament." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
- Almeida, Fortunato de (1903). História das instituições em Portugal. Porto: Magalhaes & Moniz.
- Barros, Henrique da Gama (1885). Historia da administração publica em Portugal nos seculos xii a xv. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.
- Lindo, Elias Hiam (1848). The History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal: From the Earliest Times to Their Final Expulsion from Those Kingdoms, and Their Subsequent Dispersion; with Complete Translations of All the Laws Made Respecting Them During Their Long Establishment in the Iberian Peninsula. London: Longman Brown.
- Livermore, H.V. (1966) A New History of Portugal, 1976 ed., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Midosi, Paulo (1828). Portugal, or Who is the Lawful Successor to the Throne: Being an Enquiry, Instituted with a View to Aid in Removing the False Impressions Created in the Public Mind, Founded on a Careful Examination of the National Laws and Historical Records, Applicable to the Case in Question, or Likely to Enable the English Reader to Form a Just Opinion on the Relative Rights of the Two Competitors to the European Throne of the Braganza Family.
- „A short history of Alþingi - the oldest parliament in the world | European Youth Portal”. europa.eu (na jeziku: estonski). Arhivirano iz originala 29. 10. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 2018-09-10.
- bryndis (2013-07-08). „Althingi”. visitreykjavik.is (na jeziku: engleski). Arhivirano iz originala 29. 10. 2019. g. Pristupljeno 2018-09-10.
- UNESCO, Memory of the World. The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system
- Dunn, John (2005). Democracy: A History. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 9780871139313. https://books.google.com/books?id=ccoOfhyjFNEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=democracy+a+history&cd=1#v=onepage&q=athens&f=false John Dunn (2005), Democracy:a History, p.24]
- Ruano, Pedro Martínez (2009-01-26). La Administración Electoral (na jeziku: španski). Universidad Almería. ISBN 9788482409085.
- „The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system”. UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013. Pristupljeno 21. 5. 2016.
- „La Unesco reconoce a León como cuna mundial del parlamentarismo”. El Mundo. 19. 6. 2013. Pristupljeno 21. 5. 2016.
- Spain (februar 2012). „International Memory of the World Register [Nomination form] - The Decreta of León of 1188 - The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system” (PDF). Pristupljeno 21. 5. 2016.
- Catedrático de la Universidad Estatal de León López González, Hermenegildo; Catedrático de la Universidad Internacional en Moscú Raytarovskiy, V.V. „The Leones parliament of 1188: The first parliament of the western world (The Magna Carta of Alfonso IX)” (PDF). Arhivirano iz originala (PDF) 4. 3. 2016. g. Pristupljeno 21. 5. 2016.
- Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War. Bloomsbury. str. 173—4. ISBN 978-1-84725-226-5.
- Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., ur. (2014). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order (4, revised izd.). Cambridge University Press. str. 37—9. ISBN 978-1139991384. „Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries”
- „Constitutionalism: America & Beyond”. Arhivirano iz originala 24. 10. 2014. g.
- Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones — No 10 guest historian series, Prime Ministers and No. 10 (1. 1. 2012). „The Institution of Prime Minister”. Government of the United Kingdom: History of Government Blog. Pristupljeno 15. 4. 2016.
- Carter, Byrum E. (2015) [1955]. „The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister”. Office of the Prime Minister. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400878260.
- K. M. Brown and R. J. Tanner, The History of the Scottish Parliament volume 1: Parliament and Politics, 1235–1560 (Edinburgh, 2004)
- A. A. M. Duncan, 'Early Parliaments in Scotland', Scottish Historical Review, 45 (1966)
- J. M. Goodare, 'Parliament and Society in Scotland, 1560–1603' (Unpublished Edinburgh University PhD Thesis, 1989)
- C. Jackson, 'Restoration to Revolution: 1660–1690" in Glenn Burgess (ed.), The New British History. Founding a Modern State, 1603–1715, (London, 1999), pp. 92–114.
- Alan R. MacDonald, 'Ecclesiastical Representation in Parliament in Post-Reformation Scotland: The Two Kingdoms Theory in Practice'. Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 50 (1). 1999. Nedostaje ili je prazan parametar
|title=(pomoć) - N. A. T. Macdougall, James IV (Edinburgh, 1989), chapter 7
- "An Introduction to the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland" (Based on a paper to Staff Development Conference for History Teachers, National Museum of Scotland, 25 May 2000 by Dr. Alastair Mann, Scottish Parliament Project, University of St. Andrews).
- R. Nicholson, Scotland, the Later Middle Ages (Edinburgh, 1974), chapter 15
- I. E. O'Brien, 'The Scottish Parliament in the 15th and 16th Centuries' (Unpublished Glasgow University PhD Thesis, 1980)
- R. Rait, The Parliaments of Scotland (Glasgow, 1924)
- R. J. Tanner, The Late Medieval Scottish Parliament: Politics and the Three Estates, 1424–1488 (East Linton, 2001).
- R. J. Tanner, 'The Lords of the Articles before 1540: a reassessment', Scottish Historical Review, LXXIX (October 2000), pp. 189–212.
- R. J. Tanner, 'Outside the Acts: Perceptions of the Scottish Parliament in Literary Sources before 1500', Scottish Archive (October, 2000).
- R. J. Tanner, 'I Arest You, Sir, in the Name of the Three Astattes in Perlement': the Scottish Parliament and Resistance to the Crown in the 15th century', in Social Attitudes and Political Structures in the Fifteenth Century, ed. T. Thornton (Sutton, 2000).
- C. S. Terry, The Scottish Parliament: its constitution and procedure, 1603–1707 (Glasgow, 1905)
- J. R. Young, The Scottish Parliament 1639–1661 (Edinburgh, 1997)
Spoljašnje veze uredi
- The International Association of Business and Parliament (IABP) Scottish Scheme
- Chisholm, Hugh, ur. (1911). „Parliament”. Encyclopædia Britannica (na jeziku: engleski) (11 izd.). Cambridge University Press.
- United Kingdom Parliament